The Poison Dart Frog

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The most important dart poison frog toxins are batrachotoxins, pumiliotoxins, histrionicotoxins, and gephyrotoxins (Patocka, Wulff and Palomeque, 1999). The neurotoxin batrachotoxin is a polycyclic steroidal alkaloid derived from the Greek words for ‘frog’ and for ‘toxin’. According to Wallace (2014) batrachotoxin’s lethality is achieved through permanently blocking the transmission of nerve signals to the muscles. Wallace further states that this toxin has a particularly severe effect on the heart, where it permanently interferes with conduction, causing arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and eventual cardiac failure. These effects as stated by Wallace (2014) on nerves and muscles are caused by a huge intracellular rush of positively-charged sodium ions, but also larger ammonium, potassium and calcium ions resulting in a huge depolarization of the nerve membrane. …show more content…
Sometimes the skin toxins affect the victim in different ways, just local irritation can occur but other extreme effects are hallucinations and vasoconstriction which can result in increased blood pressure (ThinkQuest 2006).They are strong cardiotoxins, affecting ion permeability, which leads to an irreversible depolarization of nerves and muscles, arrhythmias, fibrillation, and cardiac failure. Observed symptoms in laboratory animals include strong muscle contractions, violent convulsions, salivation, and dyspnea and death even at low doses(Patocka, Wulff and Palomeque, 1999).According Patocka, Wulff and Palomeque, (1999) there is no effective antidote known for dart frog
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