The universal themes that Homer displays in Odysseus is preservations and arrogance along with Penelope. They both had fighting journeys with the suitors trying to return home in part 1 and in part 2 he shows boastful and arrogance fighting against the Cyclopes
What motivates Penelope to test Odysseus identity is that he was wanting to reveal a secret to her that no one else knows besides them. The secret reveals her strong characteristic ways
It builds suspense when he reveals himself to Penelope and his love ones leading up to the climax. They couldn’t believe that he was still alive after