This was whether they were non-Creeks in the American side or non-recognized Creeks in Spanish Florida side with desires to be part of the greater Creek Nation. By the time of the American occupation of Florida (1821), “Seminoles,” as a European-constructed ethnic identity, were found throughout Florida and still represented many separate tribes. American policy to both re-unite many, if not all, Florida Indians who desired to have political alliances with their Creek brethren, and to eventually facilitate their combined removal to Indian Territory reinforced the growing practice of the U.S. to collectively impose a unified Seminole identity to all Florida …show more content…
It argues that, contrary to prevailing scholarly assumptions, consolidation derived not solely from the imposition of the Europeans, but from federal bureaucracy, in particular the military, and imposed treaty-negotiations to streamline dealing with disparate and fragmented Indian groups. By the mid-1820s, the new Florida natives were equally central agents in forging a common identity. Their purposes ranged from strategical imperatives to cultural preferences, which ultimately led recognition as a separate nation. Therefore, it is important to determine who is a Seminole and who was not, when and where, and who made that determination. The political boundaries imposed and created by the colonial powers, and later the United States, were chiefly in disregard to the geographic locations of Indians, and to accommodate White expansion into Indian lands. To Indians, their lands were like ecosystems: they did not necessarily recognize European-constructed boundaries. What impact war, foreign political imposition, and displacement have on identity must be explored, as must federal policies, treaty negotiations, and Indian