Racial injustices and inequities persist in American society even after many years, according to a major subject of the compulsory readings. They also show how historical political, economic, and social structures have disenfranchised African Americans and other minority groups. Tommie Shelby's examination of Black solidarity exposed the systemic oppression that impoverished societies endured. On the other hand, Frederick Douglass' critique of the hypocrisy of the signatories to the Declaration of Independence contrasted sharply with his portrayal of an ongoing continuity of slavery. Furthermore, Michael Omi's reading on racial formation focused more on the inventiveness involved in racialization as demonstrated by housing discrimination, for example, which brought out…show more content… The main idea of racial formation theory, as introduced in Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s Racial Formation in the United States, addresses the dynamic, social construction of race as opposed to fixed ideas on racial essentialism. This view coincides with the analysis of racial projects where Omi and Winant argue that organized activities create and sustain racial categories, which in turn re-establish inequalities (Hamilton, 1988). These insights resonate with Tommie Shelby's exploration of Black solidarity in We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity by giving insight into how hard it is to bring the African American community together given some internal divisions. He goes ahead to delve into the philosophical underpinnings of black solidarity, advocating for a nuanced account that takes into consideration the various experiences and perspectives of African Americans. In outlining these issues, Shelby reveals how this kind of philosophy informs our understanding of black solidarity’s challenges and promises against the backdrop of racism (Shelby,
