Robert Scott opens up his work On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic with the history of rhetoric and its place in society, but he also discusses questions brought up by others regarding its use both practically and otherwise. Particularly, he brings up the notion discussed previously by Aristotle that, if truth can be expressed and understood and if men are what they seem—that being expressing only truth—what is the necessity for rhetoric? However, Scott debates this point by using “The Layout of Argument” chapter in one of Stephen Toulmin and the concept of certainty. Here, he explains Toulmin’s concept of different types of arguments, substantial and analytical, and furthers that truth is a construct that rhetoric helps to build. For example,
