Finally, due to the impressive intellectual findings made throughout Southernization, Westernization was able to thrive. For example, according to Lynda Shaffer, in her Southernization article, “The Indians laid the foundation for modern mathematics” (line 119). During the Gupta Empire, one of the most prominent advancements in mathematics was established: Western Numerals. Western Numerals created a place value system that is used to write numbers. The Europeans were able to inherit this value system by way of the Arabs. Thus, they referred to this number system as Arabic numerals. Furthermore, the invention of the Indian zero was instituted and became very well practiced. This concept, according to the article, made it so that the Indians
