TJ Morgan, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, elaborated that “...they (American Indians) will remain handicapped in the struggle for existence”, simply stating that Native Americans will have a hard time finding their way in the new world to come. Because of the mining opportunities in the west, people found themselves moving in that direction, killing the people and interrupting Native American grounds and settlements. Anne S. Stephens, the author of “Esther: A Story of the Oregon Trail”, explains that the Westward Expansion of civilizations has caused mass amounts of death among the Native Americans, “The star that leads civilization westward shines sadly upon the graves of a people almost extinct-- a people that have been hunted ruthlessly.”. The following murder is manipulation. An indigenous tribe leader, Chief Joseph, was a Native American man who sought an explanation, a promise, and an act to reason with the fact that his people were dead and facing mistreatment. Joseph did receive promises and words of hope, but the people who delivered did not care to make it