a&p chapter 1 Essay

Submitted By maritsa318
Words: 2175
Pages: 9
Open Document
Chapter 2
Chemical level of structural organization… Lowest level of body organization Atoms build molecules and form matter Atoms and molecules release and store energy in chemical reactions

Chemistry Science of structure and interactions of matter All body activities are chemical in nature
Energy for life ATP Atom A + Atom B A-B
Can make ATP from glucose element element chemical bond
Catabolism: Need to break chemical bond to use energy (ATP)
Anabolism: making the bond

Matter: occupies space and has mass in 1 of 3 states… Solids: bones & teeth Liquids: blood plasma Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
Chemical Elements (designated by letters) Building block of matter, can’t be subdivided by ordinary chemical means *major ones in the body (96%) are Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen Others (3.8%) are Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, Fe Trace elements (0.2%) are 14 other elements

Structure of Atoms…
Atoms: building blocks of element
Subatomic particles; proton (+ charge), neutron (uncharged), electron (-charge)
Atomic Structure… Atomic core or nucleus – protons and neutrons Electron shells – moving could of electrons around nucleus Element is electrically neutral with equal number of protons and electrons
*As long as the proton number stays the same it is safe, if it changes it is harmful

Differences among atoms…
Atomic number Number of protons in nucleus (same for all atoms of 1 element)
Mass number Sum of an atom’s protons and neutrons
Isotopes (atoms of same element may have different numbers of neutrons, thus different mass numbers
Atomic mass (also called atomic weight) Average mass of all its naturally occurring isotopes measured in unit called a Dalton

Ions, molecules and compounds…
Ions
Atom that has a + or – charge due to the loss or gaining of electrons + ion: cation - ion: anion
*Molecules
Two or more atoms that share electron;
*Compounds
Molecule that contains two or more different elements:
Free radical Electrically charged atom or group of atoms with unpaired electron in outermost shell Unstable and highly reactive with other molecules in body Usually result of oxidation which involves oxygen
**All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds**
Chemical bonds…
Forces that hold atoms together in molecules and compounds
Octet rule Predicts how atoms will interact based on the number of electron in valence shell (outermost) Electron distribution in valence shell determines kind of bond that will form Atom is chemically stable if valence shell is full, holding 8 electrons Atoms will interact to gain 8 electrons by… Emptying partially filled valence shell….+ charge ionic bond Filling valence shell with donated electron…-charge ionic bond Sharing electrons with another atom…covalent bond (strongest bond)
Ionic bonds
Ions (charged) Formed when atoms loose or gain 1 or more valence electrons Cation (Na+, K+, Ca2) positively charged ion that lost electron(s) Anion (Cl-) negatively charged ion that gained electron(s) Ionic bond Attraction between oppositely charged atoms Ionic compounds are normally solid, often crystals Forms electrolytes when break apart in solutions
*electrolytes: anything that breaks down into charged portions
Covalent bonds
Formed between atoms that share a pair of valence electrons to fulfill octet rule rather than gain or lose electron
Most common kind of bond in the body
Bond strength depends upon number of electron pairs shared: single, double or triple bonds; ex: ATP
Types…
Non polar covalent bonds: atoms share electron equally; form lipids/ no charge/ hates water
Polar covalent bonds: atoms share electrons unequally; 1 nucleus attracting electron more strongly than other results in partial + and – charge; H2O is polar/ H2O likes anything polar/protein and carbs
Hydrogen bonds
Specific type of covalent bond between H and other atoms
Partial +
Show More

Related Documents: a&p chapter 1 Essay

Essay on Chem Chapter 1 P

Chapter one Matter & Change 1-1: • Nature science divides into two broad categories: – biological science: living things – physical science: nonliving Definition of Chemistry: • Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and energy changes that accompany these processes. Branches of Chemistry • • • • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. organic chemistry inorganic chemistry physical chemistry analytical chemistry Biochemistry…

Words 1104 - Pages 5

Chapter 1 Notes Mechanical Properties P Essays

Chapter 1 Overview of Structure of Polymers Ming Wei, Carol Barry, Joey Mead Department of Plastics Engineering University of Massachusetts Lowell Introduction • The mechanical properties of polymers depend on the chemical compositions and structures of the polymer at the molecular and supermolecular levels • • • • Molecular weight (how long is the chain) Chain flexibility (Tg) Chain regularity (can it crystallize?) Strength of intermolecular forces • Before start, let’s see some elementary ideas…

Words 2074 - Pages 9

Chapter 11 Essay

N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint® Slides by Ron Cronovich CHAPTER 11 Aggregate Demand II: Applying the IS-LM Model © 2010 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved SEVENTH EDITION MACROECONOMICS Context  Chapter 9 introduced the model of aggregate demand and supply.  Chapter 10 developed the IS-LM model, the basis of the aggregate demand curve. CHAPTER 11 Aggregate Demand II 2 In this chapter, you will learn:  how to use the IS-LM model to analyze the effects of shocks, fiscal policy, and…

Words 2974 - Pages 12

Invisible Child Analysis

This is something that the author makes mention of, describing Dasani as “a short, wiry girl” (Elliott, 2013, Chapter 1, p. 5). But, the author also states that Dasani started walking at the relative young age of eight months, suggesting that, although short, her physical development was not delayed (Elliott, 2013, Chapter 3, p. 7). And while her weight is never mentioned in actual numbers, the fact that the article does describe Dasani as “wiry” could lead one to assume…

Words 1681 - Pages 7

Chapter 1 Essay

INTB 311 Diversity & Intercultural Communication Chapter 1: Culture B AC K S TAG E , O N S TAG E , C U LT U R E S H O C K , R E V E R S E C U LT U R E S H O C K , G E N E RA L I Z AT I O N S , S T E R E O T Y P E S , BIAS, PREJUDICE, ETHNOCENTRISM, ASSUMPTION OF SUPERIORITY, ASSUMPTION OF UNIVERSALITY, SELFR E F E R E N C E C R I T E R I A , C U LT U RA L I N T E L L I G E N C E . INTB 311 Diversity & Intercultural Communication Culture & Communication Why is understanding culture important…

Words 1588 - Pages 7

Week 1 Quiz Essay

1. Question : (TCO 1) Which of the following is a mental process? Student Answer: INCORRECT thinking feeling reading CORRECT a and b Instructor Explanation: See Chapter 1, p. 4 Points Received: 0 of 2 Comments: 2. Question : (TCO 2) Because Timothy was laughed at by his second grade peers, he was reluctant to speak out in class. This is a demonstration of which goal of psychology? Student Answer: INCORRECT describing behavior CORRECT…

Words 1507 - Pages 7

Essay about Negotiable Instrument and P.

Exercise (HE) 6 (Part 4 - Chapters 15-17) After each question type your answer followed by citing the page(s) in the text that support your answer. Use additional pages as needed. Each question, 1 – 5 is worth 2 pts. 1. What is a negotiable instrument? List and describe the types of negotiable instruments - A negotiable instrument is a substitute for cash. It is also a written document containing the signature of the creator who makes an unconditional promise (Chapter 15, p. 291). Here are some types…

Words 707 - Pages 3

Structural Analysis Course Outline Essay

ENEC12007 Structural Analysis Course Outline Department of Engineering Degree ENEC12007 Structural Analysis Unit details Department : Engineering Degree Unit Title : Structural Analysis Unit Code : ENEC12007 Perquisites : PHYS1184 Engineering Physics A & MATH11219 Engineering Mathematics Campus & Mode : ACK Mishref, Internal Unit Weight : 6 credits Teaching Staff : Dr. S. M. Soleimani, Eng. ....................... Contact details Unit coordinator/lecturer…

Words 2991 - Pages 12

The Basics Of Supply And Demand

Chapter 2 The Basics of Supply and Demand Introduction What are supply and demand? What is the market mechanism? What are the effects of changes in market equilibrium? What are elasticities of supply and demand? ©2005 Pearson Chapter 2 2 Topics to Be Discussed How do short-run and long-run elasticities differ? How do we understand and predict the effects of changing market conditions? What are the effects of government intervention – price controls? ©2005 Pearson Chapter 2 3 Supply…

Words 3848 - Pages 16

Legal and Ethical Issues in Management Essays

------------------------------------------------- submitted to: ------------------------------------------------- Dr. terry sullivan ------------------------------------------------- leagl and ethical issues in management ------------------------------------------------- spring term 1 ------------------------------------------------- January 20, 2013 ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------…

Words 393 - Pages 2