Chapter 3 * Grants-in-aid= programs through which congress provided money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government. * The New Deal- marked two key changes the rise of a more active national government and a major change in how the courts interpreted national power * Cooperative federalism- in which grand to encourage states and localities to pursue nationally defined goals with national and state governments sharing powers and resources via intergovernmental cooperation. * McCulloch vs. Maryland-involved the question of whether congress had the power to charter a national bank since such an explicit grant of power was nowhere to be found in article 1 section 8 pg.72 * Gibbons vs. Ogden’s-reinforced this nationalistic interpretation of the constitution the issue was whether the state of new York could grant a monopoly to Fulton’s steam boat company to operate an exclusive service between new York and new jersey pg.72 * Implied powers- enable congress to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers (such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied though the expansive interpretation of delegated powers) * Necessary and proper clause- from article 1 section 8 of the constitution is provides congress with the authority to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its expressed powers * Commerce clause- article 1 section 8 of the constitution which delegates to congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states