Essay about Biology Notes

Submitted By Angiejarquin
Words: 2187
Pages: 9
Open Document
Chapter 2:
Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
Elements are arranged outside the nucleus of an atom- electron shells
First shell-maximum 2 electrons
Second, third, fourth….-8 electrons each
Atoms to Molecules
Molecule:
Ex: H+H=H2
H20, CO^2, etc.
Chemical Bonds
2 types of bonds
Ionic bonds: giving or accepting electrons. Weak bonding
Covalent bond: sharing electrons. Strong bonding,
Hydrogen bond
Ionic Bond
If an atom loose or gain electrons- the electrical charge will be changed
Charged atoms are called ions
Positive ion: when atom looses electrons, it becomes positive ion
Negative ions: atom gained electrons become negative ion
Covalent Bond
When atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells
Strong bonding
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom
A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, or ions.
The compound dissolved in solution is the solute.
The compound doing the dissolving is the solvent
Acids and Bases
An acid is any substance that yields hydrogen ions when put in aqueous solution
A base is any substance that accepts hydrogen ions in solution
Buffer
Chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps pH within normal limits
Ex: pH of blood is about 7.4- maintained by buffer
Chapter 3:
Molecules contain both Carbon and Hydrogen atoms
The Biological Molecules (Four categories)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Organic Molecules
Polymers (complex molecules)
Are large molecules made with smaller molecules of monomers
Monomers: simpler molecules
Polymer: many monomers joined
Proteins
Many functions:
Support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, motion
Amino Acids
Units of proteins are amino acids
Proteins are made of by amino acids
20 types of amino acids: human body uses 20 types of amino acids to make different proteins
The sequential arrangements of different amino acids determine the property of proteins. Example: T,I,M,E. TIME, EMIT, MITE.
Amino acids are linked into chains to polypeptide
Polypeptide chain folds up to from a protein
Lipids
The defining characteristic of all lipids is that they don’t readily dissolve in water
All are insoluble in water
Fats and oils used for long term energy storage
Oil may help waterproof skin, hair, and feathers
Among the most important lipids are the triglycerides, composed of a glyceride and three fatty acids
Most of the fats that human beings consume are triglycerides
Lipoproteins
Are biological molecules that are combinations of lipids and proteins

Chapter 4: Cell’s as Life’s Fundamental Unit
Parts of a cell:
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Cytosol (fluid inside the cytoplasm)
Cytoskeleton
Organelles
Nucleus, a region of DNA
Types of Cells
Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus and no membrane bounded organelles
Ex: Bacteria and Archea
Eukaryotic cells: have nucleus and DNA is inside the nucleus
Ex: Fungi, Plants, Animals, etc.
Mitochondria and Energy
Mitochondria- organelles that function to extra energy from food and to transform this energy into ATP (a chemical form that the cell can use)
ATP- Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Mitochondria
Most numerous in active cells
In humans, most mitochondria are inherited from the mother
Contain own DNA, separate from the nuclear DNA
Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria first started off as bacteria cells
They invaded eukaryotic cells, and up becoming part of the modern eukaryotic cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A mass of membrane system in the cytosol interconnected channels within cell
There are two forms of ER:
Smooth ER: No ribosomes
Rough ER (RER): With ribosomes
RER: helps in the processing of proteins
SER: synthesis lipids, detoxification of harmful substances such as alcohol.
Golgi bodies
Stacks of flattened sacs
Receive proteins made by ER
Process proteins, sort and repackage and
Show More

Related Documents: Essay about Biology Notes

Notes On Biology

Membrane bound cells Cells that are surrounded by a membrane Multicellular organisms Organisms that consist of more than one cell Eukaryotes Living organisms Eukaryotic cells Multicellular cells that have complex structures. Ultra structure Cell details Organelles Parts of a cell that have specific jobs/functions Chromatin Contents of the nucleus Thylakoids A network of flattened sacs in the chloroplast Stroma Thick fluid in the chloroplast Hormones Chemical messenger molecules…

Words 472 - Pages 2

Notes On Biology

Chapter 1 evolution Process of change that has transofmred life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today. biology Scientific study of life. emergent properties Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. systems biology An approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on the study of the interactions among the system's parts. levels of biological organization…

Words 2755 - Pages 12

Notes On Biology

1. Microorganisms (1674) Microscope lens grinder Anton Van Leeuwenhoek accidentally discovers microorganisms in a drop of water. Using his own microscopes, he observes sperm, bacteria and red blood cells. His observations lay the foundation for the sciences of bacteriology and microbiology. 2. The Cell Nucleus (1831) While studying an orchid, botanist Robert Brown identifies a structure within the cells that he terms the "nucleus." 3. Archaea (1977) Carl Woese discovers bacteria are not the…

Words 443 - Pages 2

Notes On Biology

Regulation 1. Functions for the vacuole: stores food like proteins, breaks down or stores certain wastes, and keeps the concentration of dissolved substances. How it helps the cell maintain homeostasis: Removing unwanted structural debris, isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell, maintaining an acidic internal pH, containing small molecule, and exporting unwanted substances from the cell. 2. Functions for the nucleus: stores the cell's DNA and coordinates…

Words 425 - Pages 2

Notes On Biology

1) Order - Basis of living cells Reproduction - Producing of own kind Growth & Development - Inherited form of DNA Energy Process - Turning food to energy chemically Regulation - Regulating an organism’s habits to have a sustain lifestyle Adaptation - Working with habitats that may have generated years ago 2) Molecule - A cluster of small chemical units called atoms held by chemical bonds to help form an organelle, which is a membrane-enclosed structure that performs a specific…

Words 652 - Pages 3

Biology Genetics Notes

Biology Genetics Notes For Mendelian Inheritance you need; traits with only two alleles true-breeding plants (produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate) hybridization- mating of two contrasting true-breeding (homozygous) varieties creating the P generation. The hybrid offspring of the P generation= F1 (first fillial) generation. F1 individuals self-pollinate= F2 generation. Mendel's Four Laws 1st- variation is due to alternative versions of genes called alleles. The…

Words 495 - Pages 2

Essay on Biology Notes

Science Chapter 1 Basic Chemistry: *Mass a anything that has mass and takes up space -All matter is composed of elements *Element -substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Ex: oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon -each element has a set of properties that distinguish it from others *Atom is the smallest particles of an element, basic building block of life *Atom Structure: -Nucleus: Protons= postive charge Neutrons=no charge -Surrounds nucleus: Electrons=negative…

Words 496 - Pages 2

Essay on Biology Notes

BIOLOGY EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION 1. Outline the impact on the evolution of plants and animals of: - changes in physical conditions in the environment - changes in chemical conditions in the environment - competition for resources Changes in the environment of living organisms can lead to the evolution of plant and animal species. These environmental changed in condition may be physical, such as temperature changes, or chemical, such as changes in water salinity. Change may also…

Words 2869 - Pages 12

Biology Notes Essay

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds All life is made from different combinations of a small set of molecules. Almost all molecules in an organism are built around carbon. Organic compound-a molecule consisting primarily of carbon and is made by cells. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are used for energy and can be used to create cell parts. Monosaccharides- consist of single sugar molecules. The main fuel source for cellular work. Can be turned into polysaccharides. Polysaccharides-two or more…

Words 808 - Pages 4

Essay on Biology Notes

Biodiversity- BIG IDEAS • All living things can be classified according to their anatomical (physical appearance) and physiological (how our organs function) characteristics • Human activities affect the diversity of living things in ecosystems Homework Notes- Taxonomy, Classification and Binomial Nomenclature • Classification is the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to organize and indicate evolutionary relationships (it can also be sued to classify anything- e.g. baseball teams…

Words 362 - Pages 2