biology of plants Essay

Submitted By aags787a
Words: 5233
Pages: 21
Open Document
Mr. Dunbar
AP European History
Chapter 18—The French Revolution Outline

Section One: The Crisis of the French Monarchy
Section Overview could no longer command sufficient taxes to finance itself.
King Louis XVI often came into conflict with the aristocracy and clergy who received exemptions from certain taxes as he wanted to start taxing them to increase the royal treasury.
Louis XVI was forced to call the Estates General, which had not met since 1614, in order to search for solutions to the economic crisis.
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes
Financial woes of the eighteenth century
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)left France deeply in debt on the eve of revolution, the interest and payments on the royal debt amounted to just over one-half the entire budget
French support for the American Revolution against Britain further deepened the financial difficulties for France.
Paradoxically, France was a rich nation with an impoverished government.
Stand-off between the monarchy and aristocracy
Louis XIV firmly established absolutism in France but following the Seven Years’ War, the aristocracy in France challenged the monarchy’s power.
Financial advisors to the crown insisted that the king tap the wealth of the nobility but these efforts were blocked by the Parlement of Paris and provincial parlements.
Louis XV and Louis XVI lacked the character and political skills to resolve the dispute with the aristocracy.
Rene Maupeou (1714-1792)
Louis XV appointed him chancellor in 1770
His goal was to break the power of the parlements and tax the nobility.
Maupeou disbanded the parlements and exiled the members to remote parts of the country.
Louis XV unexpectedly died from smallpox in 1774 and his successor, Louis XVI, reestablished the parlements and fired Maupeou in order to gain popular support from the people of France.
Unpopularity of the Monarchy the merchant and professional classes saw the economic policies of the monarchy as anathema to economic growth once restored, the parlements repeatedly quoted enlightenment ideas and accused the monarchy of tyranny the sexually scandalous life of Louis XV was known throughout France the wife of Louis XVI, Marie Antionette, gained a reputation for sexual misconduct and personal extravagance
Perception of the French monarchy compared to other monarchs at the time
Frederick II of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria genuinely saw themselves, and were seen by their subjects, as patriotic servants of the state.
George III of Britain was known for his model character and as seeking the economic improvement of his nation.
Necker’s Report
Jacques Necker (1732-1804)
Swiss banker who was appointed as the new director-general of finances in France in 1781
Necker released a report on the financial situation in France
He found that a large portion of royal revenues went to pensions for aristocrats and other royal court favorites. this revelation angered the aristocracy and Necker was soon forced out of office.
Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly of Notables
Charles Alexandre de Callone (1734-1802)
Served as minister of finance
Calonne’s plan encourage internal trade by removing internal barriers lower some taxes like the gabelle on salt and to transform the corvee, peasants’labor services on public works, into money payments reduce government regulation of grain wanted to establish new local assemblies made up of landowners to approve new taxes; in these assemblies, voting would depend on how much land one owned rather than social status
Calonne meets with the Assembly of Notables (1787)
This was a committee nominated by the royal ministry from the upper ranks of the aristocracy and the church.
The notables distrusted Calonne and called for the reappointment of Necker
The notables refused to implement taxes on the nobles and clergy and explained that only the Estates General could give the monarchy approval to institute new taxes.
Deadlock and the Calling of the
Show More

Related Documents: biology of plants Essay

Essay on Plants and Biology

Globalisation is defined by Manfred B. Steger as: “the process of the expansion and intensification of social relationships and consciousness across world-time and world-space.” This process results in industrialisation as more advanced technology is introduced into communities. This has led to a disregard for nature as our lives have become increasingly dominated by man-made objects. The intensification and expansion in communication often results in an increasingly homogenised culture, and through…

Words 1171 - Pages 5

Essay on Biology: Plant Growth

seed Plant Growth Light is essential for every plant. Chlorophyll allows plants to convert energy from light into sugars. (Mathews 2001 ; Sanchez 1975). Light provides the energy plants need to make the food required for them to grow and flower. Plants are the only organisms able to use light to produce sugars, starches and other substances needed by them as well as by other living organisms. (Mathews 2001, Flowerdew 2006). The study of the effect of different color light on bean seed plant growth…

Words 419 - Pages 2

Citedbiology Is The Science Of Living Systems

specialities may be oriented toward a group of organisms or a level of organization. BOTANY is concerned with plant life, ZOOLOGY with animal life, algology with ALGAE, MYCOLOGY with fungi, MICROBIOLOGY with microorganisms such as protozoa and bacteria, CYTOLOGY with CELLS, and so on. All biological specialties, however, are concerned with life and its characteristics.... [tags: Biology] :: 4 Sources CitedBiology is the science of living systems. It is inherently interdisciplinary, requiring knowledge…

Words 2149 - Pages 9

Biology: Oxygen and Biology Text Book Essay

Week 3 Biology Assignment How do living things get the energy from the sun? In my report I’ll explain how living things get energy from the sun. Energy is the capacity to do work. Light, heat, electricity, and motion are all forms of energy; some energy is lost through transfer or conversion. *(Biology Text book) Adenosine Triposphate (ATP) is an energy carrier. *(Biology Text Book) Autotrophs harvest energy directly from the environment, containing carbon from inorganic molecules.…

Words 330 - Pages 2

Why I Want To Write A Personal Statement Of Purpose

I am a graduate from the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) pursuing a Masters Degree in Biotechnology and scientific research in the fields of molecular biology, biochemistry and microbiology. I obtained my Bachelor of Science degree in Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology at UCSC in June of 2013. My laboratory experience consists of one year of undergraduate research during in an Environmental Studies lab and with the lab over the summer after I graduated as an assistant field researcher…

Words 830 - Pages 4

MU Researchers Find Identical DNA Codes In Different Plant Species

Event Title: MU Researchers find Identical DNA Codes in Different Plant Species Source: Biology News Date or Article: April 9, 2012 Summary: This article is about how scientists at the University of Missouri found identical DNA codes in different plants. They used a new computer program called algorithm to find these strands. Like animal DNA that has some identical copies scientists could never find in plants, until now. This understanding helps with the evolution of life and also…

Words 329 - Pages 2

Student: Oxford English Dictionary and Practice Examination Questions Essay

Biology in Context The Spectrum of Life SECOND EDITION Peter Aubusson • Eileen Kennedy • Peter Hickman 2 1 253 Normanby Road, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata…

Words 2048 - Pages 9

TQAS BIOLOGY Essay

0708-AS Biology Revision Top Priority Questions AS BIOLOGY TOP 60 QUESTIONS Chapter 1 1- Fig.1.1 is an electron micrograph of a mesophyll cell from a leaf. 1.5μm Fig.1.1 (a) Calculate the magnification of Fig.1.1. Show your working and express your answer to the nearest whole number. (b) Identify, by using the letters A to D, a part of the cell shown in Fig. 1.1 where the following substances are located. A chlorophyll B cellulose C DNA D phospholipid (c) State three ways in which the structure…

Words 6635 - Pages 27

Notes On Evolution

acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix Biology The scientific study of life Emergent properties New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. Systems Biology An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the…

Words 5039 - Pages 21

Cell and Cellular Biology Essay

Biology 5-1 Cellular Biology Cell Structure General types of cellular structure: • Prokaryote (e.g., bacteria and blue-green algae) • Eukaryote (e.g., plants and animals) Professional Publications, Inc. FERC Biology 5-2 Cellular Biology: Cell Structure—Prokaryotes Prokaryotes: • Single-cell organisms with a primitive nucleus that lack a confining membrane • Reproduce asexually by binary fission (dividing in two) Components of prokaryotic cells: • Periplasmic space…

Words 1809 - Pages 8