C2 At Least A C Essay

Submitted By Wajahat-Hussain
Words: 773
Pages: 4
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Rate = amount of product formed
Time
For all reactions: rate is fast at start, then slows down, then stops at finish.
The rate of a reaction is affected by:
1. Concentration 2. Surface Area
3. Temperature 4. Catalyst
Increasing surface area and concentration
(pressure if a gas) increases rate of reaction. This is because it increases the frequency of collisions.
Increasing temperature increases rate of reaction.
This is because it increases the frequency of collisions AND the energy of collision. The particles have more energy and move faster.
Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction.
This means we only need tiny amounts and we can use them again and again.
This is good as catalysts can be expensive and toxic. Catalysts are important in industry as we can make the product quickly and use a lower temperature saving energy and money.

Collision theory says that particles must collide to react.
They must also collide with enough energy. The minimum energy for a reaction to occur is called the activation energy.
Exothermic reactions give out heat energy. These reactions can be used for selfheating cans and handwarmers.
Endothermic reactions take in heat energy. These reactions can be used for cool packs in sport injuries.
In reversible reactions the reaction goes both ways. The products can reform the reactants. One way is exothermic and the other is endothermic. Acids contain hydrogen ions H+
Aqueous means
Alkalis contain hydroxide ions OH- dissolved in water
Metal + Acid
Ionic equation for neutralisation:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
H2O(l)
Acid

Alkali

solid

Water

aqueous

Salt + Hydrogen
MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) aqueous gas

Hydrochloric acid makes chloride salts
Sulfuric acid makes sulfate salts
Nitric acid makes nitrates salts.

Bases react with and neutralise acids.
Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water.
Acids have a low pH (pH < 7)…adding alkali increases pH.
Alkalis have a high pH (pH > 7)…adding acid decreases pH.

Sometimes if we mix two soluble salts we can form an insoluble salt…a solid appears. We call this a precipitation reaction. Mixing lead nitrate and potassium nitrate makes insoluble lead
Nitric acid and ammonia make ammonium iodide: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)
PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) nitrate (NH4NO3). This is very important as a The lead iodide can be collected by filtration. We fertiliser to help plants grow. can remove toxic metal ions from water this way.
Acid + Base/Alkali
Salt + Water
Acid + Base/Alkali
Salt + Water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) + CuO(s)
CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) aqueous solid

aqueous

liquid

Making blue copper sulfate (CuSO4)
i) add copper oxide to sulfuric acid ii) warm iii) filter iv) evaporate

aqueous

aqueous

aqueous

liquid

Making sodium chloride (NaCl)
i) add universal indicator to sodium hydroxide ii) add hydrochloric acid dropwise until green iii) repeat using same volume of acid and alkali but no indicator iv) evaporate

Electrolysis ‘breaks down a substance using electricity’.
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