Cell and Atp Synthase Essay

Submitted By mmrdelja
Words: 1817
Pages: 8
Open Document
Chapter4
Eukaryotes 2 groups: protists and fungi
Have membranes with large surface area to increase respiratory and photosynthetic activity
Compartmentation – partition intearior to separate the different biochemical and physiological functions

Most lack cell wall, those organisms with a cell wall have chemically distinct ones. Most eukaryotes use plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer, made up of tightly packed sphingolipids and sterols (eg cholesterol) that reists osmotic pressure. Lipids distribuition is asymmetrical. Microdomains, affect movement, cell division and signal transduction. When cell walls are present: protists have cell walls composed of cellulose and pectin, as well as silica and/or calcium carbonate; fungi have rigid cell walls composed of chtin, cellulose or glucan; both are chemically simpler than peptidoglycan.

Cytoplasm. Liquid portion is cytosol, contains organelles.
Cytoskeleton, 3 types of filaments
Microfilament aka actin, functions in endocytosis and cytokinesis
Intermediate filaments – function is unclear, only studied in aminals. Found in nuclear lamina and forms tissues
Microtubules – largest (25nm) 2 protein subunits a and b tubulin. Forms spindle apparatus and is found in cilia and flagella.

ER – network of tubules and flat membrane bound sacs called cisternae
RER – ribosomes on surface, makes proteins
SER – no ribosomes, makes lipids

Golgi apparatus – stack of flat sacs dictyosome. Modification

Lysosome – intracellular digestion. Contains hydrolases which catalyze molecule hydrolysis. Maintains acidic conditions by pumping protons

Secretory pathway – move materials throughout and outside of cell. Proteins involved are made on RER, released in small vesicles. As they pass through ER, glycolysation – sugar added. Vesicles go to cis face of golgi, bud of trans face of golgi. Sent either to endosome and lysosomes or sent to plasma membrane (2 types of vesicles to membrane: unregulated or secretory [ protein stored until signaled otherwise]). If protein fails, its marked by ubiquitin and killed by proteasomes.

Endocytic pathways – bring materials into cell. Solutes (pinocytosis) and particles (phagocytosis) are brough into the cell using vesicles from the membrane)
Phagocytosis – vesicle forms around particle, called phagosome. Fuses directly with lysosome, called phagolysome.
Clathrin dependent – pits coated w/ clathrin, creates clathrin coated vesicles. Bind specifically with macromolecules. Vesicle sent to endosome (has hydrolytic enzymes) which binds to lysosomes.
Caveolin dependent – little caves. Vesicles go to caveosome which go to endosome which bind to lysosome
Autophagy – degrade cells own components, necessary for homeostasis. Macroautophagy – cell components selectively digestd. Surrounded by double membrane called autophagosome, bind with lysosome.

Nucleus – genetic info, bounded by envelope, penetrated by pores. Nucleosome, non membrane bounded part inside nucleus, makes rRNA.
Chromatin – DNA + histones, unreplicated uncondensed form. Euchromatin is loosely coiled, has actively expressed genes. Heterochromatin is more tighly coiled, has nonactively expressed (barr bodies, centromeres, telomeres). Acetylation is more loose, methylation is tighter. Basic element of chromatin is nucleosome (dna + H1)

Endosymbiotic hypothesis – mitochondria, chloroplast and hydrogenosomes all come from bacteria that were engulfed and evolved. Evidence: m and c have their own chromosome and are similar to extant bacteria

Mitochondria. 2 membranes – outer has porins similar to outer membrane of gram – bacteria. Inner has infoldings called cristae to increase surface area, location of enzymes and electron carriers. In bacteria ETC is in plasma membrane

Hydrogenosome – makes ATP through fermentation, pyruvate is catabolized, CO2 H2 and acetate are products

Chloroplasts – 2 membranes stroma (matrix) is inner membrane – contains DNA,
Show More

Related Documents: Cell and Atp Synthase Essay

Problem Based Learning 1 Cell Transport And Respiration Essays

o the cell is described as coupled transport. Coupled transport is the process of moving molecules in the same direction. In order for this to happen, there needs to be both sodium and glucose outside of the cell, with sodium concentrations being higher outside the cell. b. In order for the cell to maintain a low ICF [Na+] and high ECF [Na+] across the cell membrane, the cell has Na+/K+ antiport protein pumps. These antiport protein pumps actively transport ICF Na+ out of the cell, while pumping ECF K+ into the cell…

Words 672 - Pages 3

Essay on CASE STUDY 2

respiration uses 2 ATP and produces 4 ATP per glucose molecule? Where does this set of reactions occur in the cell? Glycolysis uses 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP and this occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell Which part of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? How does it work? Electron transport chain produces the most ATP. This chain works in a complex set of steps. A H gradient is established in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The H ions move through ATP synthase to make ATP. Which part of…

Words 498 - Pages 2

Biology Notes Essay

molecule consisting primarily of carbon and is made by cells. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are used for energy and can be used to create cell parts. Monosaccharides- consist of single sugar molecules. The main fuel source for cellular work. Can be turned into polysaccharides. Polysaccharides-two or more monosaccharides bonded together to form a polymer. Polymer-a chain of repeating subunits. Used for storing energy or building cell parts. Lipids Lipids-made mostly of carbon and hydrogen…

Words 808 - Pages 4

Study Group Essay

Chemical Energy and ATP Energy comes in many forms, including light, heat, and electricity. -Energy can be stored in chemical compounds, too. -The high-energy bonds are replaced by low-energy bonds between these atoms and oxygen. When the electrons in those bonds are shifted from higher energy levels to lower energy levels, the extra energy is released as heat and light. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) -One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and…

Words 1957 - Pages 8

The War On Weight: Weighing In On The Validity Of Weight-Loss Strategies

energy, as it can be turned into glucose quite easily. When the concentration of glucose in your blood stream increases your body releases insulin from your pancreas to signal the bodies cells to take up the glucose and use it to maintain metabolic processes. A side effect of this, is, when insulin is present fat cells do not get broken down. Thusly drastically reducing the amount of carbohydrates you take in, should in theory cause your body to burn fat instead of using carbs for energy. Most of…

Words 930 - Pages 4

GRT1 Task 4 Essay

the mitochondrial membrane to create a differential charge which causes ADP to be phosphorylated by ATP synthase and create additional ATP (approximately 34). Ultimately, 1 glucose molecule going through glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain can make about 38 ATP’s. (Energy III, 2009) Defect Preventing ADP from Converting to ATP Hypothetically, if the enzyme citrate synthase is defective, citrate would not be available to react to the next enzyme (aconitase) to produce isocitrate…

Words 979 - Pages 4

Biochemistry-Metabolism Essay

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the body. ATP is essential to the cell and the cellular processes used by the cell. The first step, glycolysis is the process by which each molecule of glucose is converted to two pyruvate molecules, creating two ATPs and two nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). NADH is also converted to four ATPs during the electron transport chain. An enzyme is a protein or…

Words 1259 - Pages 6

Examples Of Enzymes From Fructose Metabolism

fructose-1-phosphate (F-1-P). F-1-P is also a signal sender to glucokinase (the enzyme used to break down glucose) if blood sugar is high. F-1-P is broken down by the enzyme Aldolase B to make DHAP + glyceraldehyde. These products are used in glycolysis to produce ATP or in gluconeogenesis. • Aldolase B being unable to take the substrate F-1-P and turn it into DHAP + glyceraldehyde leads to Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI). • Fructose will still be phosphorylated by fructokinase resulting in F-1-P. Because…

Words 922 - Pages 4

Essay on Chapter 6 Cellular Repiration notes

Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration 1 DuBoff, B., et al. (2012). Neuron, 75, 618–632 The Key Concepts Cellular respiration breaks down organic compounds to produce ATP Transfer of electrons stores energy for chemiosmosis 2 What is Bioenergetics? The application of thermodynamic principles to organisms and biological systems The fundamental characteristics of all living things is the ability to carry out metabolism Without metabolic processes life would not exist 3 Releasing Chemical Energy…

Words 1187 - Pages 5

Microscopes: Two Important Factors In Microscopy

Microscope (LM) M: 1000x RP 0,2 micrometer (small bacterial cell) 2) Electron Microscope (EM) uses a beam of electrons to resolve electrons, better resolving powers than light microscope M:100,000x RP 0,2 nanometer A) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Surface B) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Internal Structure Preparing specimen for electron microscope hard, light microscope still very useful as a window on living cells. The…

Words 3973 - Pages 16