Primary accounting questions : 1. Valuation-- historical cost or market value 2. Recognition-- if market value is used, how should gain or loss be recorded
Types of securities---see diagram
Bonds--1. Held to maturity 2. Available for sale 3. Trading
Stocks--1. More than 50% ownership-- consolidated statements 2. 20-50%--use equity method 3. Less than 20%-- (a) Available for sale (b) Trading
Bonds--Held to maturity
Record at cost--do not set up separate acct. for premium or disc.
Amortize premium or discount
Do not adjust for market value
When sold, realized gain/loss = carry amt. - sale price. Realized g/loss is on inc. statement.
Bonds-Available for Sale
Record at cost--do not set up separate acct. for premium or disc.
Amortize premium or discount
At year end, adjust to market value--record unrealized gain/loss in stock. equity as part of comprehensive income
When sold, realized gain/loss = carry amt. - sale price Note: g/l is not affected by marking to market value. G/l is an income statement acct.
Bonds--Trading
Record at cost--do not set up separate acct. for premium or disc.
Do not amortize prem. or disc.
At year-end, adjust to market value . Record unrealized gai.n/loss to income statement
When sold record realized gain/loss as income statement acct.
Stock-less than 20%--Available for Sale
Record at cost--cost includes brokerage costs, commissions, etc.
At year end, adjust to market value. Unrealized gain/loss is reported in stock equity
When sold, realized gain/loss = original cost - sale price. Realized loss is on inc. statement.
Note: this should parallel the acctg. for available for sale bonds.
Stock-less than 20%--Trading Securities
Record at cost--cost includes brokerage costs, commissions, etc.
At year end, adjust to market value. Unrealized gain/loss is reported on inc. statement
When sold, realized gain/loss = original cost - sale price. Realized loss is on inc. statement.
Note: this should parallel the acctg. for bonds classified as trading securities.
Transfers between categories.
Will cover only briefly.
EQUITY METHOD
Equity Method should be used when there is significant influence--usually that is 20%
Investee reports its share of investee income as income
Dividends are not income under the equity method
Major Issues:
1.) Significant influence over investee's operating and financing policies
2.) Consistent with accrual accounting, investor reports its share of investee income (loss)
-- equity accrual for % of investee's income
-- dividends from investee are reduction of investment account!
3.) Concept of book value ( carrying amount) Investment in B