Councillor and United States Essay

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amendment 16 (economic)­
The amendment within the Constitution that gives
Congress the power to collect taxes on income without apportioning it among the states.

amendment 17 (political)
­
The amendment supersedes Article I, § 3, Clauses 1 and
2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures.

amendment 18 (moral)­
"The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages.

amendment 19 (social)­ the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote.

australian ballot (political)­ an official ballot printed at public expense on which the names of all the candidates and proposals appear and which is distributed only at the polling place and marked in secret.

booker t. washington (social)­ an African­American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States.

child labor laws (social)­ Laws passed over many decades, beginning in the
1830s, by state and federal governments, forbidding the employment of children and young teenagers, except at certain carefully specified jobs.

city commissioner plan (political)­ a system of municipal government in which all the legislative and executive powers of the city are concentrated in the hands of a commission. city manager system (political)­ a person not publicly elected but appointed by a city council to manage a city.

clayton antitrust act (politcal)­
An amendment passed by the U.S. Congress in
1914 that provides further clarification and substance to the Sherman Antitrust Act of
1890. The Clayton Antitrust Act attempts to prohibit certain actions that lead to anti­competitiveness. department of commerce (economic)­
The cabinet department in the U.S.
Government that deals with business, trade and commerce. Its objective is to foment higher standards of living for Americans through the creation of jobs.

department of labor (social)­
U.S government cabinet body responsible for standards in occupational safety, wages and number of hours worked, unemployment insurance benefits, reemployment services and a portion of the country's economic statistics direct primary (poltical)­
An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office.

elkins act (political)­
The Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.

federal reserve act (economic)­ intended to establish a form of economic stability through the introduction of the Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy, into the United States

federal trade act (political)­
Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly.

hepburn act (political)­
United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction.
This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.

ida b. wells (economic)­ an African­American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement

ida tarbell (econmic)­ an American teacher, author and journalist. She was one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is thought to have pioneered investigative journalism

initiative (political)­ the ability to assess and initiate things independently. jacob riis (economic)­ a Danish American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer

jane addams (social)­ a pioneer American settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace.

john spargo
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