Ecology and Evolution Final Essay

Submitted By michaeltimothy
Words: 6855
Pages: 28
Open Document
Describe Griffith’s experiment that showed bacterial transformation: (How Gene’s work)
(on slides from How Gene’s Work) He took two strains of Streptococcus (which causes pneumonia in mammals) and had 2 strains. R (harmless, nonpathogenic) and S (pathogenic).
First, starts with injecting living S cells that have a protective capsule, the mouse dies because capsule protects the S strain from the mouse’s defenses. It is pathogenic.
Then, injects living R cells with no protective capsule. Mouse lives because mouse’s defenses aren’t stopped by a capsule.
Next, he injected heat killed S cells which are harmless so mouse lives.
Finally, he mixes heat-killed S cells with living R cells that don’t have a protective capsule and the mouse dies because the mixture becomes pathogenic.
When he took a blood sample from the mixture of the heat killed S cells and living R cells, living S sells are found.
Why do DNA base-pairing rules explain Chargaff’s Rule? (How Gene’s Work)
Chargaff’s Rule stats A and T always go together and C and G always go together. The width of the pairings has to be 2 nm wide. If A & G (2 purines) are paired together they are too wide. If C and T (2 pyrimidines) are paired together they are too narrow. The perfect length when pairs is A-T and C-G.
Explain the Central Dogma of biology, (You may use an arrow diagram to help illustrate your answer). (How Gene’s Work)
DNA  RNA  Protein. You can’t get protein without first going through RNA.
What is the difference between an organism’s genotype and its phenotype? (How Gene’s Work)
The genotype is determined by the sequence of bases in the DNA and the phenotype is determined by the resulting proteins produced.
Explain “redundancy” and “ambiguity” as these terms relate to the genetic code. (How Gene’s Work)

Describe Modern Synthesis (Microevolution)
Apply Mendelian genetics to Darwinian evolution. (early 1940’s: Theodorus Dobzhansky, Ernst Mary, George Gaykird Simpson, G. Ledyard Stebbins were key architects. It emphasized the importance of populations as the units of evolution
Populations evolve—individuals DO NOT evolve
Central role of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Gradualism-accumulation of many small changes to larger changes
No paradigm remains unchallenged: modern synthesis is constantly being questioned, tested, refine
What does the Hardy-Weinberg Principle state? (Microevolution) a theorem to describe allele and genotype frequencies in sexually reproducing non-evolving populations.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle: frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant over generations unless acted on by agents other than sexual recombination
Considered not simply alleles of parental pairs, but of entire populationgene pool
Describes a non-evolving population and provides a method for:
Calculating allele frequencies in a population
Calculating genotype frequencies in a population
List the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle. (Microevolution)
Very large population
Random mating
No natural selection
No gene flow (isolated from other populations (no migrations)
No genetic drift (random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events
No mutation
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

Compare a bottle-necking event and a founder event. (Microevolution)
Bottle Neck Effect: event that reduces population size dramatically and unselectively no particular genotype has a better chance than any other of surviving the bottlenecking event-which genotypes survive is due to random change
Genetic makeup of survivors is unlikely to be representative of the original population’s genetic variability
Decrease genetic variation among survivors
Fixed genes are common
Example: bottle with white, blue, green, yellow, and red marbles. Bottle necking event happens and only blue and 1 white marble survive.
Examples of species: Cheetah (twice, 10,000ybp and early
Show More

Related Documents: Ecology and Evolution Final Essay

Develop An Appreciation For The Complexity Of Life

will also include information on genetics as it relates to heredity as well as discussions on how DNA contains all of the information for creating a living organism. We will also be discussing Biology on a larger scale with topics such as ecology and evolution. There will also be a variety of laboratory exercises and projects which are designed to emphasize the information given in this course. Most importantly, this course is designed to stimulate interest in science and demonstrate the creativity…

Words 844 - Pages 4

Biology Spring 2014 Final Exam Answers

Biology Spring 2014 Final Exam Study Guide Chapters 9, 12-17, Ecology, Biodiversity, Anatomy 1+2 The final exam will have 60 multiple choice and 12 written questions. It is worth 20% of your semester grade. Chapter 9: Genetics 1. Be able to define phenotype and genotype and give examples 2. Define homozygous and heterozygous 3. Define incomplete dominance and codominance 4. Give examples of complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance 5. Perform a simple genetics cross using…

Words 563 - Pages 3

Biotic And Abiotic Perturbations

Introduction “Almost all organisms on earth live in environments that have been altered, often drastically, by humans.” (Rohr et al. 2006) Organisms must have the ability to behave under these conditions as their success or failure in altered environments is determined by the way they react to these modifications. While hundreds of species are suffering dramatically from these environmental changes, others, such as “urbanized and pest species, are doing better than ever.” (Sih et al. 2010) Within…

Words 2310 - Pages 10

Bio 01 Summer 2014 ONLINE Syllabus 2 Essay

course provides an introduction to basic and fundamental biological concepts for students. The course objective is to give students an understanding of and explore general biological principles beginning with chemistry, cell biology, genetics, ecology, evolution, anatomy and physiology and finally the diversity and classification of living organisms. Text: Starr’s 8th edition: Biology: Concepts and Applications. Publisher: Thomson, Brooks/Cole. ISBN: 1439046735. Course Outcomes: It is anticipated…

Words 1089 - Pages 5

Bio101 109 Syllabus 3 1 Essay

Bio 101/109 Biological Diversity, Ecology and Evolution Term: Winter 2015 Credits: 3 Instructors: Dr. Meshagae Hunte-Brown meh27@drexel.edu Office/Phone: PISB 221; 215-895-2064 Office Hours: M 11:00-noon and by appointment Textbook: What is Life? A Guide to Biology with Physiology by Jay Phelan Drexel Custom Bound Volume 2 Chapters 8-19 Supplementary Materials: Turning Point QT Clickers will be used as a means of continuous assessment of participation in lectures. The…

Words 1207 - Pages 5

Essay about 2014 2015 106 COURSE SYLLABUS McGH

CATALOG DESCRIPTION Biology 106 (3-2-4) General Biology I Introduction to the general principles of biology using the human as the model for study. Topics include structural organization, metabolism and energy, reproduction and inheritance, evolution and ecology. This course is designed for non-biology majors and allied health students. LEARNING OUTCOMES Biology 106 Provides students with a firm knowledge of biology, and prepares students to explore and critically evaluate the social and ethical implications…

Words 1807 - Pages 8

study guide Essay

2nd Semester Final Exam Study Guide 1. Evolution: change in a species over time; process of biological change by which descendents come to differ from their ancestors. Speciation: evolution of two or more species from one ancestral species 2. Natural Selection: mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals; Artificial Selection: process by which humans modify a species by breeding it for certain traits 3. Darwin’s…

Words 786 - Pages 4

Essay on Biology Review Notes

Bio94 (TA Alejandra Rodriguez) Study guide for the final exam on Wednesday March 20, 2013 Hi! This is only a skeleton study guide that you may use to help organize the key concepts presented in lectures. Some important points are in bold. I also added the figures of each chapter that I consider useful for studying (it doesn’t mean that you have to memorize them! Just try to extract the useful information). I also added the homework questions with some hints. I wrote all my comments in blue…

Words 6970 - Pages 28

BE6113 AMNH Lab Questions 4March15 Essay

Spring 2015 AMNH Lab Exercise – 4Mar15 Prof. G.R. DiResta “Hall of Human Origins” Questions (5 points/question) 1a. What is the name of the cranial opening used to follow the evolution of hominids from lower life forms to modern man and describe its function. b. Describe how its location has changed during the evolution of modern man. Use drawings and charts 2a. Describe the skeletal anatomy of two ball joints in modern humans and compare functional differences between them. b. Trace evolutionary…

Words 762 - Pages 4

Evolution: Human and Common Female Ancestor Essay example

HW Human Evolution 8/1/15 Human Evolution has spanned approximately 85 million years, but Homo sapiens have only existed for the last 400,000 years. During this time we have changed our behaviors in many ways, due to changes in natural selection and physiology. This is most evident when comparing the current human skeleton to that of Lucy and Ardi's skeleton, two females who lived 3.2 and 4.4 million years ago respectively. The examples I am going to look into in this essay is the conscience…

Words 1123 - Pages 5