In early phase of fan studies, “political intervention sided with the tactics of audiences in their evasion of dominant ideologies…that set out to rigorously defend fan communities against their ridicule in the mass media and by non-fans” (Gray, Sandvoss & Harrington 2007). Fan scholars aimed to use what was often considered a derogatory practice and status to transform it into a positive one. After failed efforts to modify media producer’s decision-making, Tulloch and Jenkins (1995) referred to fans as a “powerless elite”. They defined fans as “structurally situated between products they have little control over and the ‘wider public’ whose continued following of the show can never be assured, but on whom the survival of the show depends” (Tulloch and Jenkins 1995, p. 145). Early fan studies aimed to disprove many of the negative characterizations that had been linked to fan activities. John Fiske remarked that fandom is “associated with the cultural tastes of subordinated formations of the people, particularly those disempowered by any combination of gender, age, class, and race (Fiske 1992, …show more content…
His theory of taste was used to assess, contrary to popular beliefs, that “fans clearly practiced forms of cultural discrimination” (Fiske 1992). The differences between fan communities were identified and they were divided according to hierarchies in taste. This allowed for scholars to further examine fans construction of identities. People also defined themselves through how they identified themselves with fan-objects. Fandom began to become more positively acknowledged in the culture industries as people started nourishing their fan communities in what was a highly competitive