O’connor references Malebranche, the philosopher, and The Holy Bible throughout her work. The references to Malebranche serve numerous purposes. They show us how educated Hulga is, and how sophisticated her way of thinking has become. They also serve as a reminder of how different she is and how her mother will never understand her and what she wants out of life. “Malebranche was right: we are not our own light!” Mrs. Hopewell had no idea to this day what brought that on. She had only made the remark, hoping Joy would take it in, that a smile never hurt anyone”(O’connor, 370). Mrs. Hopewell is trying to encourage her daughter, yet she does not know how to reach her. Hulga is suffering in her own right, she has no academic equal to talk to, instead she is stuck with good country people. When Mrs. Hopewell calls good country people the salt of the earth, she is alluding to the Bible, and the biblical reference used to describe Christ's early followers (Pietka