Griffith's Experiment And Avery, Macleod, And Mccarty

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1. Explain how Griffith’s experiment and Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiment determined that DNA in bacteria transmits a trait that kills mice. Griffith and Avery, Macleod, and McCarty’s experiments both concluded that the S type when mixed with the R type bacteria, changes the R type bacteria allowing it to develop a smooth coating that allows it to cause infection. They all found that there was something in the heated S strand that turned the R strand into a killer. (biology book)
2. Describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA. The structure of DNA looks like a spiraling stair case. Also, known as the double helix. The DNA structure is made up of sugars, phosphates, and bases, stuck together by hydrogen. The outside of the structure …show more content…
If a protein is 1259 amino acids long, what is the minimum size of the gene that encodes the protein? Why might the gene be longer than the minimum? (1259x3=3,777) + 3 bases for the stop codon equals (3,780) the gene has bases for the leader sequence on the mRNA and might include any number of introns.
17. How did researchers reason that a combination of at least 3 RNA bases must specify each amino acid? RNA has 4 types of bases and proteins have 20 types of amino acids. 1 RNA base can not specify each amino acid. If a combination of 2 RNA bases specified 1 amino acid, then only 16 amino acids could be encoded. So, a least 3 RNA bases must specify each amino acid and so as time has passed and technology has progressed studies have confirmed that each codon contains 3 RNA bases. (http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/Nucleic-Acids-to-Amino-Acids-DNA-Specifies-935)
18. The roundworm C. elegans has 556 cells when it hatches. Each cell contains the entire genome but expresses only a subset of the genes. Therefore, the cells “specialize” in particular functions. List all of the ways that a roundworm call might silence the unneeded genes. The roundworm cell can store some of its DNA coiled or attach methyl groups to inactivate genes. After transcription, many different combinations of introns can be taken away. The mRNA can me trapped inside the nucleus or quickly broken down along with …show more content…
If a gene is like a cake recipe, then a mutation is like a cake recipe containing an error. List the major types of mutations, and describe an analogous error in a cake recipe. Missense: instead of sugar, the recipe lists powdered sugar. Nonsense: the recipe list came up short, didn’t list everything needed to bake the cake. Insertion: the recipe adds one extra ingredient. Deletion: the recipe doesn’t list one of the ingredients. Frameshift: the words in the recipe are spelt wrong. Expanding repeat: the recipe repeats ingredients. (Biology book pg. 138)
22.A protein-encoding region of a gene has the following DNA sequence: TTTCATCAGGATGCAACA
Determine how each of the following mutations alters the amino acid sequence:

• Substitution of an A for the T in the first position
• Substitution of a G for the C in the 17th position
• Insertion of a T between the fourth and fifth DNA bases
• Insertion of a GTA between the 12th and 13th DNA bases
• Deletion of the first DNA
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