This whole cycle starts at a young age. Children are exposed to this before they can even walk. When a boy cries our instant reaction would be to try to make him stop crying. To do this we instantly tell him “Shhh… Big boys don’t cry”. As that young boy grows older, he is bombarded by phrases such as “man up”, “grow a pair”, and “stop being such a sissy”, just because he didn’t conform to society's standards of being a ‘man’. This conditions young boys to feel embarrassed and ashamed of their feelings. They eventually want stop or limit themselves from expressing their feelings so that they aren’t made fun of. It invalidates their feelings, and also invalidates them as a person. This shaming is a combination of nurture, social pressures, and media. It all starts at home, when parents tell their son that crying isn’t okay for a boy it makes the kid feel bad for crying and he stops. Whether this a subconscious response or not it still affects the kid. When a kid goes to school, his peers may bully him for being a “sissy”. This also affects a kid's psyche tremendously. Thus, the kid decides not to show these emotions around his bullies, and this also conditions him to think being emotional or feminine has bad connotations. Then there is media influence. The University of Manitoba in 2003 published “An Analysis Of Hyper-Masculinity In Magazine Advertisements”, where a research group analyzed magazine ads and found that 56% of about 500 advertisements were portraying or promoting one or more of the following beliefs: that danger is exciting, toughness is a form of emotional self-control, and violence is manly. They also found that this hyper masculine material was more aimed at younger, and less educated readers -- who were more at risk for copying these beliefs and behaviors. Everywhere a person is to turn he is attacked with hyper masculine messages. Thus said, adults, peers, and the media all play a hand in making a