Paradigm Rules That Regulate Human Life

Submitted By joy124372
Words: 2009
Pages: 9
Open Document
Ch 8
Norm Rules that regulate human life, including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards
Role A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior
Culture A program of shared rules that governs the behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community
The obedience study Stanley Milgram and coworkers investigated whether people would follow orders, even when the order violated their ethical standards.
Entrapment A process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort
Social cognition An area of social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and other cognitive processes.
Attribution theory Theory that people are motivated to explain own and others’ behavior by attributing causes of behavior to situation or disposition
Fundamental attribution error Tendency to overestimate personality factors and underestimate situational influence
Just world hypothesis The bias to believe that the world is fair
Attitudes A relatively stable opinion containing beliefs and emotional feelings about a topic
Explicit: Attitudes we are aware of and that shape our conscious decisions
Implicit: Attitudes about which we are unaware and that influence our behavior in ways we do not recognize
Cognitive Dissonance
A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his or her behavior
Familiarity effect The tendency of people to feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus the more familiar they are with it
Validity effect The tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
Diffusion of responsibility The tendency of group members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions because they assume others will do so
Deindividuation People lose awareness of their individuality and seem to hand themselves over to the mood and actions of the crowd.
Bystander apathy People fail to call for help when others are near.
Social loafing When people work less in the presence of others, forcing others to work harder
Altruism and dissent
Situational factors in nonconformity
You perceive the need for intervention or help -Cultural norms encourage you to take action -You have an ally -You become entrapped.
Ethnic identity A person’s identification with a racial or ethnic group
Acculturation The process by which members of minority groups come to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture
Ethnocentrism The belief that one’s own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
Stereotypes Cognitive schemas of a group in which a person believes that all members of a group share common traits
Traits may be positive, negative, or neutral.
Allow us to process quickly new information and retrieve memories
Distort reality
Exaggerate differences between groups -Produce selective perception -Underestimate differences within groups
Psychological causes People inflate own self-worth by disliking groups they see as inferior.
Social causes By disliking others we feel closer to others who are like us.
Economic causes Legitimizes unequal economic treatment
Cultural and national causes Bonds people to their own ethnic or national group and its ways
Measuring Prejudice
Social distance -What people do when they are stressed or angry -Brain activity -Implicit attitudes
Implicit (unconscious) prejudice
Measures of social distance -Measures of what people do when they are stressed or angry -Measures of brain activity -Measures of implicit attitudes
Human Nature
Human nature contains the potential
Show More

Related Documents: Paradigm Rules That Regulate Human Life

Study Guide: Secrets Of The Psychics Video

of someone in another room DM5 (Chps. 18-21)
 What kinds of group biases have parallels with individual biases?
 • Group attribution error-group members more likely to attrivute group member’s actions to circumstances, while a non-group members actions are something else • Group serving bias-making dispostional attributions for successes and situational attributions for failures • Outgroup homogeneity bial-groups perceive their own members as being more varied than members of other groups…

Words 3359 - Pages 14

Nt1310 Unit 1 Assignment

schema- “mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjests and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember.” (Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2016, p. 49)would tell me from memory, that a typical high school biology classroom setting would contain, desks, chairs, books, paper, writing utensils, a board of some kind to write on and computers. There is also lab equipment, such as test tubes, microscopes, beakers, and flasks.…

Words 1841 - Pages 8

Importance Of Attribution

Attribution-a judgment about the cause of a person’s behavior Dispositional Attribution- a judgment assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to his or her personal qualities or characteristics Situational Attribution-a judgment assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to his or her environment Correspondence Bias- the tendency to view behaviors as the result of disposition when the behavior can be completely explained by the situation in which it occurs Defensive Attribution- blaming the victim…

Words 1725 - Pages 7

Social Psychology Review Guide

Social Psychology Exam 1 Review Guide (Chapters 1-4) Chapter 1: What is Social Psychology? What is Social Psychology? Social Psychology (the scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in a social context) “The scientific study”: observations, descriptions, and measurements of the study of the human condition; applies the scientific method “Of how individuals think, feel, and behave”: focuses on the individual “In a social context”: focus on human behavior that concerns others…

Words 3848 - Pages 16

Social Psychology Essay

difficult Attribution Assigning a cause to someone’s behavior (Why you are acting the way you are) Internal Attribution Saying that the cause of a behavior is because of an internal personality (This person acts this way because that’s the way she is) External Attribution Attribute cause of behavior to something external (The person is acting this way because of an external reason- life problems) Fundamental Attribution Error Lee Ross (1977) Tendency to overuse the internal attribution for other…

Words 2620 - Pages 11

Essay about Kathy: Psychology and Feelings

transferences and the therapist’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self insight. • Unconscious: According to Freud , a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. • Personality Structure • Id: contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive…

Words 1538 - Pages 7

Organizational Behavior Essay

Organizational Behavior (OB) – Definition: Study of what people think, feel and do in and around organizations. OB researchers systematically study these topics at multiple levels of analysis: individual, team and organization Organizations – groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose Collective entities Human beings who interact w/ each other in a organized way History Emerged as a distinct field early 1940’s (was around along time before that, just wasn’t an organized discipline)…

Words 2471 - Pages 10

Exam 1 Notes Essay

1. Knowledge acquisition 2. Knowledge sharing 3. Knowledge use 4. Knowledge storage. Absorptive capacity- The ability to recognize the value of new information, Assimilate it, and use it for value-added activities. Organizational memory- the storage and preservation of intellectual capital. High performance work pratices perspective-A perspective which holds that effective organizations incorporate several worksplace practices that leverage the potential of human capital Stakeholder…

Words 3210 - Pages 13

Essay on Psychology and Advanced Placement Course

BRADEN RIVER HIGH SCHOOL 6545 State Road 70 East Bradenton, FL 34203 (941)751-8230 Fax (941) 751-8250 Course Syllabus A.P. PSYCHOLOGY 2014-2015 Heather E Scott Course: A.P. Psychology Room: 738 Phone: 751-8230 ext 2165 Email: scotth@manateeschools.net Website:…

Words 3746 - Pages 15

Essay on Final Exam Study Guide

the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations. Four goals of psychology: To describe, To explain, To predict, To change. Hindsight bias: The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Overconfidence: The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements. Non-experimental methods of research: Descriptive Study Methods: To observe and record behavior…

Words 4850 - Pages 20