Nt1310 Unit 9 Lab Report

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2.7.1 Measurements
XPS is used to measure:
1. Elemental composition of the surface (top 0 –10 nm usually)
2. Empirical formula of pure materials
3. Elements that contaminate a surface
4. Chemical or electronic state of each element in the surface
5. Uniformity of elemental composition across the top surface (or line profiling or mapping)
6. Uniformity of elemental composition as a function of ion beam etching (or depth profiling)

Because the energy of an X-ray with particularwavelength is known (for Al Kα X-rays, Ephoton =1486.7 eV), and because the emitted electrons'kinetic energies are measured, the electron binding energy of each of the emitted electrons can be determined by using an equation that is based on the work of Ernest Rutherford (1914): Ebinding=Ephoton-Ekinetic-ɸ (16)

where Ebinding is the binding energy (BE) of the electron, Ephoton is the energy of the X-ray photons being used, Ekinetic is the kinetic energy of the electron as measured by the instrument and ɸ is the work function dependent on both the spectrometer and the material. This equation is essentially a conservation of energy equation. The work function term is an adjustable instrumental correction factor that accounts for the few eV of kinetic energy given up by the …show more content…
Monochromatic aluminium K-alpha X-rays are normally produced by diffracting and focusing a beam of nonmonochromatic X-rays off of a thin disc of natural, crystalline quartz . The

Nt1310 Unit 9 Lab Report

1. On the compound microscope, how is total magnification calculated? It is calculated by multiplying 10X the objective magnification power. 2. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, describe, step-by-step how to view a specimen with the compound microscope. Step one prepare the specimen by getting a clean slide and put the specimen on it. Step two put a small drop of microscope coloring. Step three put a small plastic cover over the specimen. Step four put the slide onto the microscope stage. Step five starts with…

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Nt1310 Unit 9 Lab Report

\subsection{Test results} \label{sec:Test results} An optimized gas mixture of C$_2$H$_2$F$_4$/iso-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$/SF$_{6}$ = 95/4.5/0.5 was flown through the RPCs with a total flow rate of 10 SCCM and operated in the avalanche mode. The schematic of the gas flow system for two RPCs is shown in figure~\ref{fig:5_Gas_flow_system}. The following characterization studies were conducted on the RPCs at $\sim$45\% relative humidity (RH) and 20 $^{\circ}$C temperature. These are the optimized ambient…

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Nt1310 Unit 9 Lab Report

Be sure to check eCampus for the due date. These questions cover the lecture and readings on signal transduction and the cytoskeleton. Review questions: 1. Use one sketch to help you describe the steps that occur in order for the following events to occur in a skeletal muscle cell. a. Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane Voltage-gated channels opens and responses to changes in membrane potential. Rapid depolarization of the muscle cell membrane is caused by opening of…

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Nt1310 Unit 9 Lab Report

Background In order to properly describe or design the orbit of a spacecraft, it is required to use the classical orbital elements described in Table 9. Table 9. Classical orbital elements [12]. Element Symbol Description Eccentricity e Deviation from a circular orbit Semi-major axis a Half the distance between closest and furthest point of approach Inclination i Tilt of orbital plane with respect to equatorial plane Right ascension of ascending node Ω Angle from origin of longitude to direction…

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Nt1310 Unit 9 Lab Report

Address each of these points in your own words (9 points). Why is it important to adjust the condenser when you are using a microscope? It is important to adjust the condenser when using a microscope in order to obtain a clear image of the specimen. The condenser focuses the microscope’s source of illumination and can be moved farther from or towards the stage in order to adjust the intensity of the light source. It is important that just the correct intensity of light be focused to have a clear…

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