Essay on Plant Structure

Submitted By ayymayys
Words: 1311
Pages: 6
Open Document
Vascular Plant Structures

Structures of vascular plants (tracheophytes)
• Organ systems and organs
• Tissues
• Cells
• Two organ systems: shoot system and root system
• Shoot system contain leaves, stem, flower, and fruit or cone
• Root system is where roots are
• Bryophytes: liverworts, hornworts, mosses
• Tracheophytes: o Seed-
• angiosperms, flowers, fruit, broad leaves
• gymnosperm: cones, needle leaves o Non-seed- ferns (spores)

Stem Functions
• Support: maximize photosynthesis
• Conduction: xylem (for water/nutrients) and phloem (for carbohydrates)
• Secondary growth in dicots: meristems in stems produce new cells
• Storage: carbohydrates, water
• Nodes are where active cell division is happening

Stem Form: Tuber
• Below ground, fleshy, enlarged
• Eyes = nodes

Stem Form: Rhizome
• Below-ground, horizontal

Stem Form: Stolon (runners)
• Typically above-ground, horizontal

Stem Form: Fleshy storage system
• Cactus

Leaves- Functions
• Photosynthesis- Co2 + light + chlorophyll > O2 + carbohydrates
• Transpiration- evaporation of H2O
• Storage- cotyledons (not “true” leaves)
• Protection- bracts, scales, and spines are modified leaves
Leaves – Functions
• Bracts: specialized function is to make the whole plant look like one big flower and attract pollinators

Flowers
• Reproduction o Pollination o Fertilization o Fruit o Seed
• Flowers can be produced annually, biannually, every 15 to 100 years
• Pistil: female reproductive organ of a flower, can only be in angiosperms o Stigma o Style o Ovary
• Stamen: male reproductive organ of an angiosperms o Anther: carries pollen o Filament
• Typically there are multiple stamens and a single pistil
• Flower classification based on reproductive parts o Perfect flower (hermaphroditic): both male and female reproductive parts present in the same flower o Imperfect flower: has either male or female reproductive parts
• Pistillate- female flower
• Staminate- male flower

Fruits
• Functions: o Protection of developing seeds o Seed dispersal- animal, wind, water
• What is a fruit, botanically? o Mature ovaries of flowers o Ovary- can be fleshy (edible portion) o Ovules- fertilization results in seed
• Animal dispersed fruits tend to be fleshy with appendages
• Wind dispersed fruits are small, lightweight, and have “wings”
• Water dispersed fruit have a waxy covering and float easily

Root Anatomy
• Monocot roots have a ring like arrangement
• Dicot roots have a cross like arrangement
• When roots are coming out of areas where they typically aren’t supposed to be, they are called adventitious roots.
• Functions of roots: o Anchoring o Absorption (niche exploration) o Conduction o Storage
• Tuberous roots- not the same as stem tubers!
• Mycorrhizae (myco- fungus, rhizae- roots): when roots and fungi live together in symbiosis (95% of plants can’t exist without doing it) o Benefits: expanded root system for the plant; o Benefit for the fungus: access to carbohydrates and shelter for reproduction for the fungus

Photosynthesis *Plants are primary producers. • The discovery that some animals have found ways to feed off the Sun’s energy has led to the intriguing idea that humans could one day create solar-powered nourishment. Photosynthesis
• Capture of solar energy
• Production of complex organic molecules = 2 carbohydrates (CHO)
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy o Use light energy to make chemical energy
• 6CO2 + 12H2O + chlorophyll + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O o 6CO2 = carbon dioxide o C6H12O6 = carbohydrates
• Where does photosynthesis happen? o Presence of functional chloroplast and chlorophyll will allow photosynthesis to happen o Leaves - primarily
• Chlorophyll is located within chloroplasts in plant cells o Factors that can affect photosynthesis
• Water
• Light
• Carbon dioxide
Show More

Related Documents: Essay on Plant Structure

August Houseplant Figurative Language Essay

The speaker ponders whether to bring the plant inside and ultimately decides against it after realising that the plant cannot thrive indoors. The poet grants human qualities to the plant through extensive use of personification, illustrating her emotional attachment to it. Moreover, a stark contrast between the interior of the speaker’s room and the organic structure of the plant is created to emphasize the speaker’s dilemma. The poem’s stanza structure is unorganised with no rhyme scheme and and…

Words 479 - Pages 2

Elodea Cells

What factorS or structureS might be involved in determining the cells shape? The factors/structures that might be involved in determining the shape of a cell are cytoskeleton, cell wall and central vacuole. Compare and contrast the onion cells, elodea cells, and cheek cells. This requires several sentences. Explain any differences you noted other that the difference in shape? A similarity of of the three cells is that the Elodea cells, onion cells and cheek cells are eukaryotic cells. Also…

Words 683 - Pages 3

Digestion and Surface Area Essays

table, showing some different kinds of specialised cells in multicellular organisms and their functions. Cell type Plant/animal Diagram Function How structure relates to function Nerve cell Lining cell of small intestine Root hair cell Leaf mesophyll cell A2. Bk Ch2 S2.3 A2 Cell type Plant/animal Diagram Function How structure relates to function Nerve cell Animal Carries nerve impulses from one part of body to another Extension of cytoplasm…

Words 1356 - Pages 6

shivam essay

– Due _________________ Necessary Information: Identify type of cell (prokaryote, plant, animal, etc) Accurately describe or show the structures of organelles and label these organelles List of the organelles with specific functions (separate paper or on project) Be realistic with location, size, and quantity of the organelles Be creative, you can use any materials you want! Possible Organelles/Structures- it depends on your cell type: (more if you can think of them!) Plasma membrane Mitochondria…

Words 631 - Pages 3

Cells: Plant Cell Essays

Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells which mean they have a ‘true’ nucleus. Animal cells can come in an array of sizes and unusual shapes, unlike a plant cell which is typically rectangular or cube shaped. What can be found in a Plant Cell and an Animal Cell? Cell Membrane - This surrounds the cytoplasm in the cell, enclosing its contents. It is thin and semi permeable and allows substances to move through it. Cytoplasm - a gel like substance…

Words 492 - Pages 2

Seedless Plants Essay

Algae Algae in general * Multicellular and aquatic * Lack vascular tissue Structure of Algae * Holdfasts- Compensate for the lack of rigid supportive stem * Floats- Provide buoyancy * Stipes- Stem-like structures * Blades- Broad photosynthetic structures that float on or near the surface of the water Nutrients * Lack vascular tissue * Rely on diffusion for the distribution of materials inside their tissues Red Algae – Phylum Rhodophyta * Contains chlorophyll-a…

Words 766 - Pages 4

Essay about plant & animal

Cell wall is surrounded by the cell membrane which provides structure and supports the cell. Cell membrane is an enclosed organelle that separates interior and located around the outside of the cell wall. The vacuole store water and contain substances including ions, nutrients, and waste. Nucleus is the boss and houses cell DNA. The nucelous is involved in the synthesis of ribosome RNA. The nuclear membrane is a double layer between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Organelle that has light energy and carbohydrates…

Words 396 - Pages 2

Evolution Of Chloroplasts

Plant cells have several structures not found in other eukaryotes. In particular, organelles called chloroplasts allow plants to capture the energy of the Sun in energy-rich molecules; cell walls allow plants to have rigid structures as varied as wood trunks and supple leaves; and vacuoles allow plant cells to change size. What Is the Origin of Chloroplasts? Like mitochondria, chloroplasts likely originated from an ancient symbiosis, in this case when a nucleated cell engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote…

Words 967 - Pages 4

bacterial cell Essay

ll animals and plants are made of cells. Animal and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Note that cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. We use microscopes to see very tiny structures such as cells. Bacterial cell structure Bacterial cells are much smaller than plant or animal cells. They were first seen under…

Words 323 - Pages 2

Essay on 1221965132 2008 Biology Notes

THEORY, IN PARTICULAR, THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ROBERT HOOKE AND ROBERT BROWN In 1665 Robert Hooke observed cork cells using a compound microscope and described ‘little boxes or cells distinct from one another’ In 1831 Robert Brown observed the nucleus in plant and animal cells The Cell Theory; 1. Cells are the smallest units of life (Schwann, Schleiden – 1839) 2. All living things are made up of cells (Schwann, Schleiden – 1839) 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virchow – 1839) DESCRIBE…

Words 2581 - Pages 11