In short, pluralistic ignorance is often defined as when people believe that others are feeling or thinking differently than they are, even though the others are behaving similarly (Miller, 303). In most cases, we often underestimate our abilities in a situation and look to others for an answer when those around us are often ignorant of the situation or are afraid to speak up. During events such as this, it can be the catalyst for social paralysis within a group and halt any actions or solutions that may arise through instinctive action. Focusing on information about our environment can often be highly misleading, making it extremely detrimental when attempting to address emergencies (Shamir, 255). Therefore, it can create a confusing and dangerous situation for everyone involved. Much of this confusion arises from observation and proposition-based pluralistic ignorance. When norm-based pluralistic ignorance arises, observing the expressions of others, it translates into proposition-based pluralistic ignorance. Simply put, it creates the assumption that everyone has an attitude that conflicts with how the situation should be addressed (Rendsvig,