Questions On Biology

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1. Frogiscle - Partially liquid inside - Body turns into a syrup mass
2. Rana sylvatica - wood frog - spends winter in subzero sleep - Tissues are steel-rigid - Revives in soring
3. Storey's (carleton university in Ottawa) - Biochemistry lab - Spent 20 years studying genetic switches and biological process - If a donor's heart or kidney could be frozen without damage, then the organ transplantation would be successfully increased dramatically.
4. Warm-blooded animas have a constant temperature of 98.6 degrees frenheight (humans) - As the temperature degrees (cold begins) - Metabolism revs up - generating internal heat - When frozen - the ice begins to tear up the insides - the water freezes in cells as it expands while shredding the membranes and dislodging the organelles
5. Wood frogs and box turtles - when temperature drops (cold) below freezing - frog's metabolism eases to a near halt, so its cells can survive with negeliable amount of oxygen and energy - The liver begins to pump our glucose, raising the concentration in the bloodstream to more than 50 times those found in human diabetic - Ice crstallizing in the frog's body cavities draws water from the cells in the flesh and organs - This grows the concentrates of glucose inside the cells, and turning into an antifreeze that keep the water left over from solidifying.
- Commercial antifreeze is made from a sugar alcohol (similar to glucose) - called ethylene glycol
- With the antifreezer in the cells, the frog can remain at the torpid state, until spring.
6. The Cells in the frog's moist delicate skin were already optimized to prevent dehydrtyion:glacial condition just kicked the process up a notch. - high blood-sugar level trigger a process known as glycation, in which the glucose molecules bind to the body's structural proteins, and other things causing cellular damage - Storey isolated the gene that that short-circuits glycation, - Dna tests have allowed them to identify the genes that turn of the metabolic processes, control the cellular volume during freezing, and limit the damage that oxygen can do to the cells, when it flows into them again in the spring.

10. Liver of frozen frogs were compared to the livers of noram frogs. The RNA messenger were found at unsually high levels. The RNA molecule codes for fibrinogen, a clothencing protein. - Once activated by an enzyme in the bloodstream, fragments of fibrinogen bind together into a sturdy lattice, sealing any leaks that have formed in blood vessels walls due to the stress of the freeze-thaw cycle.

11. Boris Runibsky - Engineer at University of California in Berkeley.
1999- Used computer-controlled pump to infuse the rat livers with cocktail
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