Stats Chapter 1-4 Essay

Submitted By elyciahenry
Words: 1148
Pages: 5
Open Document
Chapter 1: Data: collections of observations, such as measurements, genders, or survey responses
Statistics: the science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and the organizing, summarizing.
Population: the complete collection of all measurements or data that are being considered
Census vs. Sample
Census: collection of data from every member of a population Sample: Sub collection of members selected from a population
Section 1.2 Potential Pitfall- Misleading Conclusions
Concluding that one variable causes the other variable when in fact the variables are only correlated or associated together
Potential Pitfalls – Small Samples: Conclusions should not be based on samples that are far too small
Potential Pitfall- loaded Questions: If survey questions are not worded carefully the results of a study can be misleading
Potential Pitfalls- Non response: Occurs when someone either refuses to respond to a survey question or is
Potential Pitfall- Missing Data: can dramatically affect results, subjects may drop out for reasons unrelated to the study
Example- people with low income are less likely to report than wealthy
Potential Pitfall- Precise Numbers: Because as a figure
Potential Pitfalls- Percentages: Misleading or unclear percentages are sometimes used
Examples- contential airlines ran an ad claiming “We’ve already improved 100% with losing six months
Section 1.3 Parameter: A numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a POPULATION (doesn’t change)
POPULATION=PARAMETER
Statistic: A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a SAMPLE (sample is unique)
SAMPLE=STATISTIC
Quantitative Data- Quantative (or Numerical) data- consists of numbers representing counts or measurements
Categorical Data - Categorical (or qualitative or attribute Data) – consists of names or labels representing categories Ex: the gender (male/female) are student athletes
Result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that cover a range of values without gaps, interruption, or jumps
Nominal Level of measurement characterized by data that consists of names labels, or categories only, and the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme
Ordinal level of measurement involves data that can be arranged in some order but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless ex: course grades A, B, C, D, or F
Interval Level of measurement involves data that can be arranged in order and the difference between any two data values is meaningful. However there is no natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present) Ex. Years 1000, 2000, 1776, and 1492
Ratio level of measurement the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present); for values at this level, differences and ratios are meaningful Ex. Colors of m&ms listed in data set 20 – Nominal
Depths of earthquakes listed data set 16- ratio
The movie avatar was given a rating of 4 stars out of 5 ordinal?
Summary Levels of Measurement
Nominal- categories only
Ordinal- categories with some order
Interval- differences but no natural zero point
Ratio- differences and a natural zero point
Section 1.4 Observational Study- observing and measuring specific characteristics without attempting to modify the subjects being studied
Experiment- apply some treatment and then observe its effects on the subjects (subjects in experiments are called experimental units) Ex: The pew research center surveyed 2252 adults and found that 59% of them go online wireless
In the largest public health experiment ever conducted 200,745 children were given a placebo
Simple Random Sample- a sample of n subjects is selected in such a way that every possible sample
Random Sampling- members from the population are selected in such a way that each individual
Show More

Related Documents: Stats Chapter 1-4 Essay

Essay on Stats: Sampling and Population

CHAPTER 1 Statistics: art of collecting, classifying, interpreting, and reporting numerical information related to a particular subject. Statistic: a numerical fact of interest in some context. Population: the total set of objects or measurements that are of interest to a decision maker 2 SETS OF TECHNIQUES IN STATS: ---DESCRIPTIVE: focused on summarizing and presenting information. Data set: the set of all observations for a given project or purpose ---INFERENTIAL: designed for making…

Words 2534 - Pages 11

These Effects Suggest That The Abnormal Risk-Adjusted Returns Are Predictable In Equity Markets

Homework 4 Chapter 11 7. These effects suggest that the abnormal risk-adjusted returns are predictable in equity markets, especially when findings are difficult to reconcile with the efficient market hypothesis. a. P/E effect: some studies find that portfolios of low price-earnings (P/E) ratio stocks have higher returns than high P/E portfolios. The reason is that CAPM maybe not fully consider all the risk factors. If a firm believed risker, it may have a lower price, which lead to a higher…

Words 956 - Pages 4

Arithmetic Mean and Data Management Class Essay

Chapter 2 One Variable Stats Assessment The Task: to conduct a research experiment on your Data Management Class. Hypothesis: It will show that the majority of students in grade 12 study 4 hours per day. As well, that the amount of time spent studying is related to your overall average. Sample Method: Random Sampling Survey Questions 1. How many hours do you spend studying each day? 2. What is your overall average 3. Where do you do your homework? Analysis Mean of hours studied: 2.357 Sample…

Words 369 - Pages 2

Essay on Home Work Solution of Stat-528

Chapter 4 Exercise Solutions Several exercises in this chapter differ from those in the 4th edition. An “*” following the exercise number indicates that the description has changed. New exercises are denoted with an “(”. A second exercise number in parentheses indicates that the exercise number has changed. 4-1. “Chance” or “common” causes of variability represent the inherent, natural variability of a process - its background noise. Variation resulting from “assignable” or “special” causes…

Words 2462 - Pages 10

Chapter 1 Essay

Chapter 1 Linear regression with one predictor variable 1 Regression (Historically)    Regression means ‘going back’ Francis Galton (1822‐1911) studied “Hereditary Genius” (1869) and other traits Heights of fathers and sons     Sons of the tallest fathers tended to be taller than average, but shorter than their fathers Sons of the shortest fathers tended to be shorter than average, but taller than their fathers This kind of thing was observed for lots of traits. Galton was deeply…

Words 2499 - Pages 10

Health: Literature and Analysis I. Transition Essay

Public Speaking 1. Source/ Encoder (Speaker) 2. Reciever/Decorder (Audience) 3. Message/Coder( Ideas and how ideas are presented) 4. Channel (Medium of sending the ideas) 5. Noise (Inference) 6. Feedback (Response) B. Communication Context 1. Physical Context the environment 2. Socio-psychological Context- relationship of particpants, roles, people play and cultural rules of society 3. Temporal Context - time of day, time of context 4. Cultural Context…

Words 973 - Pages 4

Notes: Displaying And Summarizing

Chapter 04: Displaying and Summarizing Quantitative Data As before, it all starts with a picture…so let’s look at some of the options when graphing quantitative variables. Graph Types Histograms Some people (mistakenly) use the terms bar chart and histogram synonymously—they are not the same thing. For a histogram, the horizontal axis is a quantitative variable, and the vertical axis is the frequency (count). The y-axis can also be labeled with Relative Frequency (percent), Cumulative Frequency…

Words 3348 - Pages 14

Week 4 Graded Assignment Essay

Week 4 Graded Assignment Adam Careaga Shorter University Bus 5150 ONLH Dr. Peter Jordan February 5, 2015 Chapter 10 1. Mr. McCrusker’s experience with the ad has caused many people to question the ad that was placed from the Delonghi America Caffee Company stating that their machines were just like the pros and the consumer can brew right from home. And the ad had stated that the other home machines were incapable of producing Caffee. The language that was placed in the ad has caused other…

Words 1149 - Pages 5

Exegesis Of Epiphenomenalism

eliminativism. In his chapter, of his book Objects and Persons, Merricks's primary aim is to argues that a baseball has no causal powers and therefore we should not believe in its existence. His argument has three parts: first he defends the validity of the argument; then he begins to analyze his argument; finally, he concludes by arguing that the Overdetermination argument is the truth of eliminativism. I will object to Merricks view of believing in objects because we see them. In his chapter, Merricks considers…

Words 896 - Pages 4

Capital Structure And Firm Performance

15 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................................................................18 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 18…

Words 21138 - Pages 85