The concept of “Affirmative Action” was more or less defined as the conscious effort on part of employers to insure that applicants and employees were treated equally “without regard to their race, creed, color or national origin.” Anti-discrimination laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 were similarly designed so as to insure the prevention of differential treatment in employment, usage of public facilities, and in various other public contexts. However, even before the Civil Rights Act was ratified, the straightforward legal definitions provided were muddied by competing