Trade Networks Of The Hellenistic World

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Section 1
Zhang Qian's mission to the west

Held by Xiongnu for years
Told Han Wudi of possibility of establishing trade relations to
Bactria
Han Wudi subdued Xiongnu, opening up region to safe trade routes Trade networks of the Hellenistic era
Important developments of the classical era that reduced risks
Rulers invested in constructing roads and bridges
Large empires expanded until borders were closer
Trade networks of the Hellenistic world
Exchanges between India/Bactria in east and Mediterranean basin in west Ptolemies learned about the monsoon system in Indian Ocean
Maritime trade included East
Africa­­Rhapta
The silk roads
Trade routes
Overland trade routes linked China to Roman empire
Sea lanes joined Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean basin into one network
Trade goods
Silk and spices traveled west
Central Asia produced large horses and jade, sold in
China
Roman empire provided glassware, jewelry, artworks, perfumes, textiles
The organization of long­distance trade
Merchants of different regions handled long­distance trade in stages
On the seas, long­distance trade was dominated by different empires Section 2
The spread of Buddhism and Hinduism
Buddhism in central Asia and China
First present in oasis towns of central Asia along silk roads Further spread to steppe lands

Foreign merchants as Buddhists in China, first century
B.C.E.
Popularity of monasteries and missionaries, fifth century
C.E.
Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia
The spread of Christianity
Christianity in the Mediterranean basin
Missionaries, like Gregory the Wonderworker, attracted converts Christian communities flourished in Mediterranean basin by late third century C.E.
Christianity in Southwest Asia follows the trade routes
Sizable communities in Mesopotamia and Iran, second century C.E.
Sizable number of converts in southwest Asia until the seventh century C.E.
Their ascetic practices influenced Christian practices in the Roman empire
Nestorians emphasized human nature of Jesus, fifth century C.E.
Nestorian communities in central Asia, India, and China by seventh century C.E.
The spread of Manichaeism; best example of religion spread on silk roads
Mani and Manichaeism
Prophet Mani, a Zoroastrian, drew influence from
Christianity and Buddhism
Dualism: perceived a cosmic struggle between light and darkness, good and evil
Offered means to achieve personal salvation
Ascetic lifestyle and high ethical standards
Differentiation between the "elect" and the "hearers"
Spread of Manichaeism; appealed to merchants
Attracted converts first in Mesopotamia and east
Mediterranean region
Appeared in all large cities of Roman empire, third century C.E.
Persecuted by Sasanids and Romans but survived in central Asia
The spread of epidemic disease
Epidemic diseases
Common epidemics in Rome and China: smallpox, measles, bubonic plague
Roman Empire: population dropped by a quarter from the first to tenth century C.E.
China: population dropped by a quarter from the first to seventh century C.E.
Effects of epidemic diseases
Both Chinese and Roman economies contracted
Small regional economies emerged
Epidemics weakened Han and Roman empires

Section 3
Internal decay of the Han state
Problems of factions and land distribution led to rebellions Generals usurped political authority; the emperor became a puppet
By 220 C.E., generals abolished the Han and divided the empire into three kingdoms
Nomadic peoples came in; China became even more divided for 350 years
Cultural change in post­Han China
Gradual sinicization of nomadic peoples
Withering of Confucianism in light of political instability
Popularity of Buddhism; nomadic rulers embraced it

Section 4
Internal decay in the Roman empire
The barracks emperors: series of generals seizing throne
(235­284 C.E.
The emperor Diocletian (284­305 C.E.)
Divided the empire into two administrative districts
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