In fact, the overcrowding was a cause of people using former middle-class homes to split up into several different rooms, or “rookeries.” ("The Rise of the City | Boundless US History") These buildings were liable to house fires, which happened rather often in the cities. For example, in October of 1871, a massive fire broke out in the slums of Chicago; one of many thus far in the time period. This fire, however, took the lives of up to 300 people. ("Illinois in the Gilded Age: The Chicago Fire | Illinois During the Gilded Age") Alongside the constant threat of fires breaking out, there was also disease among the endeavors that the immigrants and other laborers had to endure. Particularly, New York underwent extreme contamination from diseases such as smallpox, typhoid, malaria, yellow fever, and tuberculosis. The outbreak of these diseases arose from the unruly sewer system in the city and the unkempt maintenance of the homes that the population resided in. The epidemic of disease had become so threatening that families in poverty tended to have a multitude of children, simply because that meant that some would survive into adulthood. ("Not