The California Gold Rush of 1849 further accelerated westward expansion, drawing fortune seekers from across the globe to the promise of instant wealth. The Road to Civil War While westward expansion brought territorial growth, it also intensified debates over slavery's expansion into newly acquired territories. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 attempted to maintain a delicate balance between free and slave states, but tensions continued to simmer. The issue erupted into violence with events like "Bleeding Kansas," where pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers clashed violently over the territory's future. The Supreme Court's infamous Dred Scott decision of 1857 further exacerbated tensions by declaring that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, could not be American citizens. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 on a platform opposing the expansion of slavery led to the secession of Southern states and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. The conflict between the Union and the Confederacy would become the bloodiest war in American history, resulting in over 600,000 casualties and fundamentally reshaping the