Questions On Cancer

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B1, B2, B3 Revision
RN

R.Narasimhan

BP: measured in mmHg
Systolic pressure: maximum pressure the heart produces
Diastolic pressure: blood pressure between heart beats

Aerobic respiration:
Glucose + oxygen  Carbon dioxide + water + energy
Exercise creates an oxygen debt
Anaerobic respiration:
Glucose  Lactic acid + energy
•Much less energy released than aerobic respiration
•You breathe heavily to replace oxygen
•Heart beats faster so blood carries lactic acid away to liver to be broken down Measuring fitness:
Strength, flexibility, stamina, agility, speed

BMI= mass (Kg) height (m)2
RDA: Recommended daily allowance

B1 Understanding ourselves Types of cancer:
Benign tumours are slow to divide, harmless and do not spread
Malignant tumours are cancerous, divide out of control and spread throughout the body

Carbohydrase (produced in the mouth, pancreas and small intestine) breaks
_______ (a carbohydrate) down into glucose: Protease (produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine) breaks
_______ down into amino acids:

Lipase (produced in the pancreas and small intestine) breaks fats (_____) down into fatty acids and glycerol:

Words – blood, lipids, proteins, digestion, starch, smaller

RDA(g) = 0.75X body mass (Kg)
Protein deficiency - Kwashiorkor

Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of the Cystic fibrosis allele (c).
Parents

Cc

x

Cc

Gametes

C or c

x

C or c

(egg/sperm)
Possible Outcomes
75% Normal
25% sufferers

C
C C
C
c
Cc

c
Cc
cc

Cystic Fibrosis
Caused by recessive allele (so two copies of allele are needed).
A thick sticky mucus is produced affecting air passages and digestive systems

Controlling Blood Sugar
Controlled by the pancreas, diabetics do not produce enough insulin Treatments
Injections or monitoring diet

Producing antibodies

Step 1: The lymphocyte
“sees” the pathogen
(microbe

)

Glucose rises (eat food) Normal blood glucose level Glucose falls (exercis
e)

Insulin produced by the pancreas causes glucose to change to glycogen Glucagon released and glycogen converted back to glucose

Normal blood glucose level. Step 2: The cell produces antibodies

Temperature

to “fit” the pathogen

Monitored by thermoregulatory centre in brain and receptors in skin. Too Hot
-hair lies flat

Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to “clump”

Step 4: The pathogens are
“eaten” by the white blood cells Reflex action: Stimulus receptor  sensory neurone
 relay neuron in spinal cord  motor neurone  response -blood vessels dilate so heat lost through skin
-sweat produced

Concave lens and convex lens corrects refraction of light rays Too Cold so the image lands on the retina
-goosebumps & hairs trap air
-blood vessels constrict -no sweat
-shiver,
respiration

Class A

Class B

Class C
DNA with bases

Example

Ecstasy, LSD, heroin, cocaine, crack, magic mushrooms, amphetamines (if prepared for injection).

Amphetamines,
Cannabis,
Methylphenidate
(Ritalin), Pholcodine.

Tranquilisers, some painkillers, Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB),
Ketamine.

Possession

Up to seven years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.

Up to five years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.

Up to two years in prison or an unlimited fine or both.

Dealing

Up to life in prison or an unlimited fine or both.

Up to 14 years in prison or an unlimited fine or both. Up to 14 years in prison or an unlimited fine or both. Damaged cilia in a smoker’s air way

Hormones of the menstrual cycle

Lobed ears are dominant over ears with no lobes
Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Human male chromosomes

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
What evidence is there that evolution is happening? Fossil record is incomplete because:
•Some body part decay quickly
•Fossilisation is rare
•There may still be fossils we have not found HUMAN EVOLUTION
How are human beings different from apes?
• bigger b_____
• w_____ upright

NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Ocean, dessert, grass land,
The up and down pattern of predator and prey rain forest
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