Essay on DNA diffusion

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A report on

LAB MODULE 3
DNA Diffusion
To

University of Florida
Chemical Engineering Department

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1.1 Abstract
The experiment involves practical application of DNA fingerprinting. Each and Every individual has unique DNA profile similar to that of a fingerprint. Thus, this analysis is named DNA fingerprinting. This technique is used by forensic analysts to prove that a certain individual has been at the certain area, say crime spot, by obtaining DNA sample that has been taken from the crime scene and comparing it with sample DNA taken from several individuals. The method used here is Electrophoresis. This is based on the principle that DNA is comprised mainly of negative charges and they are restricted in different lengths. So, when electric current is passed through it, they move towards the positive side and the lengths of movement also differ because of the size of DNA strands. The DNA sample must be carefully handled to avoid any contamination. The samples of DNA (Collected from suspects and at the crime scene) are collected and digested with Enzymes, EcorI and Pstl mixture in equivolume (1 parts of enzyme in 1 parts of sample). The mixture is carefully centrifuged and mixed well and then placed in water. The Agarose Gel is then prepared and placed in electrophoresis chamber. After filling it with certain buffer solution, the samples are injected into the gel in certain designated spots. At this stage, the gel is treated with certain Stains to restrict the visible DNA fragments that have been cleaved by the enzyme in the first stage. By treating it with stains and washing it, we can compare the patterns and identify the suspect with the sample that has been collected from the crime scene. There are various other applications of DNA fingerprinting, such as identifying endangered species or to test the purity of food served etc. It has also been used to identify the parental relations between two individuals. This has also been used in medical applications to find harmful pathogens, to find ancestral relationship among descendants etc.

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1.2 Contents
1.3 Introduction….……………………………………………………............4
1.4 Objective….…………………………………………………………........5
1.5 Experimental………………………………………………………...........5
1.6 Results and Discussions
1.6.1 Results………………………………………………………................7
1.6.2 Discussions………………………………………………….................7
1.6.3 Additional Discussions………………………………………...............11
1.7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………...........12
1.8 Reference…………………………………………………………….........13

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1.3 Introduction
DNA, also known as Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, is a compound that is found in all living organisms. It is also found in Virus, which technically is both living and non-living. (It cannot exist in both phase at the same time) It is a long chain consisting of base molecules,
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine (In short, they are denoted as A, T, G, and C).
These are Nitrogenous molecules that are connected to Sugar Phosphate Complexes. These
Sugar complexes form the backbone of the DNA. DNA is structured as two thin lines of molecules wound around a helical axis.
Adenine bonds with Thymine and Guanine bonds with Cytosine. These are known as base pairs. (A-T and G-C)
The arrangement of patterns of these nitrogenous molecules in a single strand forms as the pattern. No two different organisms have the same DNA. But in some cases, if it is closely related, there might be similarities.
These patterns are extensively studied to find out the relatedness.
Consider the following DNA pattern:
ATTATG|ATAATCT
TAATACTATTA|GA
The Enzymes that is used here is EcoRI and Pstl. These break down the A and G pattern as shown in the above pattern. So, different DNA molecules that have been broken are in different lengths. These can be subjected to Electrophoresis to find out the similarity.
Electrophoresis is the process where the DNA molecules are subjected to
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