This specifically argued that Soviet Russia was too culturally and economically inverted to be able to achieve socialism without the aid of more economically developed countries. The theory of ‘permanent revolution’ had been developed from Marx by Trotsky in 1906 and, by 1917, was shared by most of the leading Bolsheviks – including Lenin. With Lenin dead, the main defender of this line was Trotsky. All Marxists of the day, from Kautsky to Plekhanov to Lenin, believed that only advanced industrial countries were ready for socialist revolution. They tried to stress that countries would achieve power for the workers in strict conformity when they had more advanced technology. Under developed countries could see their future image mirrored in the advanced countries. According to the ideas of Trotsky only after a long, strenuous process of industrial development and a transition to parliamentary bourgeois regime could the working class mature enough to pose the question of socialist