Importance Of Unifying Themes In Biology

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Learning Outcomes for Chapters 1-4
Disclaimer: If there is something on the test that does not appear on this sheet it is not intentional. My job is to help the student learn to the best of my ability.
CHAPTER 1 THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
1.1 The Science of Life
Explain the importance of biology as a science.
What is biology?
What are the characteristics of living organisms.
Recognize the hierarchical organization of living systems.

1.2 The Nature of Science
Describe the types of reasoning used by biologists.
Inductive/deductive reasoning
Demonstrate how to formulate a hypothesis.

1.3 An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin and Evolution
Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
What other people influenced darwin’s theory
List evidence that supports the theory of evolution.
What are homologous and analogous structures?

1.4 Unifying Themes in Biology
What are some unifying themes in biology?

CHAPTER 2 THE NATURE OF MOLECULES AND THE PROPERTIES OF WATER

2.1 The Nature of Atoms
Define matter, element, atomic number, atomic mass, and isotope.
Describe atomic structure, the relationships of subatomic particles, and how these relationships determine chemical properties.
What are protons, neutrons, electrons

2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems
Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements
What is the octet rule?
Remember the noble gases like argon etc. have a complete outer shell of electrons and thus are non reactive
What is an ion?
What is an ionic bond?
What is an isotope?
List the important elements found in living systems.
C,H,O,N

2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds
Explain how complex molecules can be built from many atoms by covalent bonds.
What is a covalent bond?
What are functional groups?
Contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds.

2.4 Water: A Vital Compound
Relate how the structure of water leads to hydrogen bonds.
What is a hydrogen bond?
Describe water’s cohesive and adhesive properties.

2.5 Properties of Water
Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

2.6 Acids and Bases
Explain the nature of acids and bases, and their relationship to the pH scale.
What is an acid and base?
What does pH mean?
Relate changes in pH to changes in [H+].

CHAPTER 3 THE CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules
Up to how many bonds can carbon form?
Just realize that functional groups give rise to the different classes of macromolecules.
What is an isomer?
List the different kinds of biological macromolecules.
What are the different polymers and what are the monomers they consist of?
How are the polymers synthesized and broken down: dehydration and hydrolysis

3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural Molecules
Describe the structure of a sugar.
What is the empirical formula for sugars?
What is a monosaccharide?
Relate the structure of polysaccharides to their functions.
What is the function of starch, glycogen
What is the monomer in starch and glycogen?

3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules
Describe the structure of nucleotides.
What does a nucleotide composed of?
Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA.
Know the different
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