Risk: Plug-in Hybrid and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Essay

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Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Technology of PHEVs 1 2.1 introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 1 2.11 powertrain 1 2.12 charging system 1 2.13 operation mode 1 2.14 storage of electric power 错误!未定义书签。 3. Financial issues of the PHEV technology 1 4. Conclusion 1 5. Reference 1

1. Introduction
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEVs) has materialized as an encouraging technology to implement the reduction of petroleum consumption of the vehicle. It has a high potential in the technical financial and environmental fields. Mainly, in this report explores that the relationship between technical and financial of the PHVEs. By the comparison between the cost of purchasing the vehicle and energy to show the economic benefit for the consumers. Furthermore, there will be an investigation of “consumer interest in plug-in hybrid Electric Vehicles” justifies that there is a large market development space of PHEVs. Nowadays, more and more vehicle companies bring this technology. In this article will introduce Toyota Vehicle Company, primarily Toyota owns its first plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle, which is an improvement versionof Prius, and it is named Prius-plus. This type of vehicle has a 130kg of lead-acid batteries. However, it reached to approximately twice fuel economy of a standard Prius. In its all-electric state, it could travel up to a trip of 9 miles.
2. Technology of PHEVs
2.1 introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
To produce the PHEVs technology, start with an interpretation of the hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV). HEV is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle, which provides with the conventional-internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system.
Established on HEVs, a Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle likes an improved vision of HEV. It is not only equipped with electric motor, an internal-combustion engine, but also it equipped with a plug to connect to the electrical grid; it is a product which combined the characteristics of a conventional hybrid-electric vehicle and all-electric vehicles. Thereby, it can recharge its electrochemical energy storage with electricity from an external source, mostly are batteries.Figure 1 overview of a PHEV structure

Figure 2 main structure of a PHEV.
Typically the external power sources are batteries, it have been larger mount capacitance than those in HEVs. Thus, the vehicle can drive in charge-depleting (CD) mode that keeps a low consumption of liquid power source.
2.11 powertrain
Fundamentally, there are three powertrain infrastructures: series hybrids parallel hybrids and series-parallel hybrid.
Series hybrids: in this architecture, the generator driven by an internal-combustion engine, then the supply currents flow into an electric motor makes the vehicle wheels rotating. As long as there is liquid fuel in the tank the series hybrid power source can operate well even without recharging. Example includes Toyota's Japan-only Coaster light-duty passenger bus.

Parallel hybrids: just like the name implies the power can be supplied two distinct sources to the vehicle wheel at the same time. In this case, the energy from an internal-combustion engine and battery-powered electric will support the vehicle.

Series-parallel hybrid: This is flexibility to operate in either series or parallel mode or both modes.
2.12 charging system
A DC charger must be allocated caused to the grid power is AC and the batteries is a type of device request DC. There are many location of the charger involved in the description of the charging system.
On-board chargers are allocated inside the vehicle. This type of charger is convenient to charge vehicle anywhere have a power connection. But the disadvantage of this kind of charging system is that due to the charger spends space and adds weight, so that the capacity of this type of charger always limited by
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