What Elements Does Carbon Bond With To Make Up Life's Molecules

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2.3 Carbon Compounds Key Questions:
What elements does carbon bond with to make up life's molecules?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Nitrogen
What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules?
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterprood coverings.
Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
1) The Chemistry of Carbon ­Carbon atoms have four valence electrons, which allows them to form strong covalent bonds with many other elements.
­One carbon atom can bond to another, allows carbon to form chains that are unlimited in length. ­These can be single double or triple^.
­Ability to form millions of different large and complex structures (like rings). 2) Macromolecules ­Macromolecules: "Giant Molecules", made from 1000s of smaller molecules.
­Most are formed by polymerization, a process in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
*Monomer­ small chemical unit that makes up a polymer (small units)
*Polymers­ molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
­Monomers that make up polymers may be different or the same
­Biochemists sort the macromolecules found in living things into groups based on their chemical composition.
­Four major groups of macromolecules: lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates.
*Carbohydrates­ compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (ratio of 1:2:1) ; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body
­Breakdown of sugars provide immediate energy for cell activites
­Extra sugar as comolex carbohydrates are starches
*Monosaccharides­ Single (simple) sugar molecules, include galactose
­Glycogen can be broken down to glucose when glucose levels are low
*Lipids­ Macromolecule made from mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats and oils, and waxes. Large varied group of biological molecules that are generally not soluble in water
­Saturated Lipids have single carbon bonds; Unsaturated Lipids have douple carbon bonds.
*Nucleic Acids­ Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.

*Nucleotides­ Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5­carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Play important roles in capturing and transferring chemical energy.
­^Joined by covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid.
­Two kinds of nucleic acids: Ribonucleic Acid, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
­DNA contains sugar deoxyribose
­RNA contains sugar ribose.
*Proteins­ Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen;
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