Prochaska, based on analysis of theories of psychotherapy and behavioural change (Guillot, Kilpatrick, Hebert, & Hollander, 2004). Prochaska and DiClemente (1982) further modified and refined the TTM. It has been found to be more effective for changing exercise behaviour across different age groups, as compared to not having any theory or model (Zhu, Ho, Sit, & He, 2014). TTM consists of four main constructs: stages of change, processes of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance (Prochaska & DiClemente…
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