Operant and classical conditioning are two very significant approaches important to behavioral psychology. Operant conditioning is the technique of behavior adjustment in which a certain behavior/action is decreased or increased for a negative or positive reinforcement every time the behavior or action happens. This is so that whenever the subject repeats the behavior, they associate the behavior with the pleasure or displeasure of either type of the reinforcement tactics that were used. So it explains…
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Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Justice System Z. M. Keys Psychology of Criminal Behavior CCJS 461 17 October 2014 "The only way to tell whether a given event is reinforcing to a given organism under given conditions is to make a direct test. We observe the frequency of a selected response, then make an event contingent upon it and observe any change in frequency. If there is a change, we classify the event as reinforcing to the organism under the existing conditions." (Skinner…
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approaches. The behavioural approach can explain gambling through conditioning and the learning theory, while the biological approach uses brain chemistry and development. Problem and pathological gambling have many explanatory reasons, however there is no singular accepted model for explaining this type of behaviour. A theoretical model that is connected to gambling is the learning theory, which is effectively operant and classical conditioning. A report from the Australian Psychological Society explains…
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to do reliably Behaviorism - John B. Watson - Focused on ‘human behavior’ - No point to study inaccessible events of the mind - Instead must focus on Stimulus-Response - B.F. Skinner - Operant conditioning; Classical conditioning Classical Conditioning | Operant Conditioning- Reinforcement or punishment- Change probability of response | Focus on BEHAVIORS, explanations in terms of - Works well for simple learning scenarios ... but, how would a behaviorist…
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response produces an effect such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response “S-R” pattern was reinforced “rewarded,” the individual was conditioned to ignore. The distinctive attribute of operant conditioning relative to previous forms of behaviorism, connectionism, and drive reduction is that the person can emit responses as an alternative of only eliciting response suitable to an outside stimulus. Reinforcement is the key element in Skinner's…
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well-being, and to achieve an altered state of consciousness. Chapter 5 Learning 1 Classical Conditioning A type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. 2 Ivan Pavlov organized & directed research in Russia: digestion: Nobel Prize 1904 Dog/salivation Responsible for Classical Conditioning 3 unconditioned response (UCR) in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salvation…
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a) Nature vs Nurture is basically a study of Science of human development and it helps us understand why we are the way we are. Nature is based on our genes that we have inherited from our families. For example, like I might have inherited my family’s shortness. In other words, it is something that we cannot change because it was a gene given to me since the day I was conceived. Now nurture is something that we experience by everything that is surrounding us. For example, I might live…
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Psychology Independent variable VS Dependant variable Independent Variable (What is tested) vs. Dependent Variable (What is measured) (Ex: violent video games causing aggression: indep variable = games, dep = violence displayed) Random Selection V. Random Assignment • Random selection (of people for a study) vs. • Random Assignment (of subjects to experimental or control groups in a study) Experimental group V. Control group • Experimental Group (group that is tested) vs. • Control Group (compared…
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of bees, migratory behavior of cranes and pelicans, electric discharge of electric rays, brood parasitism by European cuckoos) Relative grades of animal intelligence The lagoon: How Aristotle invented science (2014) Recovered Aristotle’s science Classical Roots of Ethology Aristotle’s concept of scala naturae became closely intertwined with our view of God and religion (Compatible with the Biblical view) Scala naturae was seen as logically ending with God as the ultimate expression of perfection Medieval…
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person gets older. 7. An example of plasticity is language. It is an example because as a person learns language parts of the brain becomes specialized to language. 8. The types of learning discussed in the chapter include classical conditioning, operant conditioning, habituation, and also imitation. Chapter 5 1. The major cognitive developments of the sensorimotor stage include repeating voluntary behavior, they begin to solve simple problems such as “hide-and-seek”, they learn the concept…
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