Type 1 Diabetes Research Paper

Diabetes affects a large percentage of the population, especially in the southern part of America. “Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both” Huether & McCance (2017). There are four classification of diabetes, which are type 1, type 2, gestational, and other specific types. Type 1 diabetes is common in children. It can be either idiopathic or autoimmune. Idiopathic type 1 is caused by genetics and affect individuals of African or Asian descent. In autoimmune type 1 diabetes there is a destruction of beta cells of the pancreas and a production of autoantibodies against islet cells. Hyperglycemia does not occur unless 80 to 90 percent …show more content…
In type 2 diabetes, American Indians and Alaska Natives are mostly affected. Environmental risk factors are the cause for this type of diabetes. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes consists of a defect of insulin signing pathway that leads to insulin resistance. The signs and symptoms of type 2 are similar to type 1 such as polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, visual changes, and recurrent infections. The treatment regimen is the same for type 1 and 2 diabetes, which includes insulin delivery system, exercise, and meal planning. Now, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes increases the mother’s risk of contracting diabetes after pregnancy. Diabetes Mellitus is generally diagnosed using multiple tools. The diagnostic tools consist of fasting plasma glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin, and a glucose tolerance test. The individual is diagnosed with diabetes if they have an HbA1C of 6.5 or higher percentage and fasting blood glucose of 126 or higher. If the individual’s diabetes is not treated effectively, they are at risk for complications. Complications consist of the somogyi effect, dawn phenomenon, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, and …show more content…
“Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus which include both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are unrelated, although both conditions cause frequent urination and constant thirst. Diabetes mellitus causes high blood glucose, or blood sugar, resulting from the body's inability to use blood glucose for energy. People with diabetes insipidus have normal blood glucose levels; however, their kidneys cannot balance fluid in the body” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2015). Diabetes insipidus is a disease of the posterior pituitary, whereas, Diabetes Mellitus is the endocrine pancreas. However, both disorders are caused by a reduction in hormones. With diabetes insipidus, there is a reduction in antidiuretic hormones. In addition, in Diabetes Mellitus there is a reduction in insulin. They also have similar signs and symptoms so when diagnosing diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus should be ruled out first. The common symptoms include thirst, polyuria, and polydipsia. Both disorders have the same risks factors such as genetics and environmental factors. “ Given the current epidemic of Type 2 DM associated with rising rates of obesity, environmental factors are clearly critical to the development of this disorder. And yet, the genetic components underlying Type 2 DM are even stronger than those associated with Type 1 DM” McPhee & Hammer (2015). The risk factors have an impact

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